Virtual Merchants

A Virtual merchant is any website which offers the sale of goods or services in a return for remuneration. [ (Tatum, 2010) ] Virtual merchants are essentially the same as a retail outlet, except they only operate online, example Amazon. They allow the consumer easy and instant access to view/purchase merchandise at the click of a button anytime and anywhere. Online stores are now being called e-tailers as they are highly popular with the general consumer. For example in 2008 Amazon had over ‘’76 million active customers accounts and order fulfilment to more than 200 countries’’. [ (DaveChaffey, last modified 13-03-2008) ] Amazons success and domination in the market place is well known. Customers tend to stay loyal to the e-tailer as they are extremely reliable on delivery, have an easy and user friendly online interface and are constantly learning and establishing trading relationships with its customer’s example possible likes e-mails. This loyalty aspect is one problem which most virtual merchants face and in Amazons case the customer orientated strategy they employ seems to be very effective at maintaining brand loyalty. ‘’Relentlessly focus on customer experience by offering our customers low prices, convenience, and a wide selection of merchandise’’ [ (DaveChaffey, last modified 13-03-2008) ] Many trading merchants offer the virtual trading aspect to their existing physical business to stay competitive and diverse within in the market place. This retail outlet coupled with the virtual merchant allows the business to appeal to a larger target market of potential customers, example the convenience shopper (online) and the physical shopper. This type of merchant can be referred to as bricks and clicks merchant example Wal-Mart. The value proposition defines how a company’s product or service fulfils the needs of customers (Kambil, Ginsberg and Bloch 1998). In Amazons case the value proposition is quiet simple as it aims to offer the world’s biggest choice of certain goods and be extremely customer focused and orientated. Amazon offers a personalised and customized service at a very competitive cost to their customers at the click of a mouse. According to Kambil 1997 and Bakos 1998, offering personalization, customization of product offerings and a reduction on product search costs are extremely important factors in developing a company’s value proposition. A company’s revenue model defines how they intend to generate profit and return on investment. In the virtual merchant market place there are several ways where profit can be generated. Firstly there is the direct sales profit margin and in amazons case they don’t have to rent retail outlets in busy high streets etc only merchandise warehousing storage etc, this accompanied with its online trading medium means that overheads, example direct contact with customer and reduction in sales support costs, are kept to a minimum allowing Amazon to offer an unrivalled selection and value for money. This places Amazon extremely competitive within the market place. Secondly they offer other businesses space to advertise on their webpage for example Hewlett pacard, Thompson holidays, Travel lodge etc. Virtual merchants are constantly looking to be dynamic and diverse in their service which they provide and different ways in targeting new customers. The e-tailer market is constantly growing as new users and accounts are set up every day. Amazon began in 1995 and have gained there competitive advantage within their market, they generated over 5 billion in sales in under a decade. When we compare this statistic with Wal-Mart (a bricks and clicks merchant) it took them twenty years to hit this sales figure. This is an indicator of how big and expanding the e-tailer market is.

The Human Respiratory System: Diagnosis Questions

A)How could an infection in Cari’s nasal passage and pharynx spread into her sinuses? a. Her infection was able to spread to her sinuses because her sinuses became an area that her nasal passages and pharynx could drain into. In here the drainage just sat there and became a breeding ground for bacteria. B)What is the Cough Reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing? a. The cough reflex is used to get things like irritants and fluid which causes us to have sputum out of the nasal passage and pharynx.The cilia or little hairs that are in our trachea is trying to move that mucus and crap from her lungs because they don’t want it there so when there is too much mucus it triggers the cough reflex try to get it out to make more room. C)Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate fluid? a. The structure that wou ld normally help with this are the Macrophages. They are normal found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. D)How would the resistance of Cari’s airway be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lungs? . It would cause her airway to have resistance because of the fluid buildup would cause her airway to be smaller in diameter. With all of the fluid in her lungs some of her alveoli would be under this fluid causing them not to be able to work like they should and causing friction. E)How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? a. It would increase I believe because she will be working harder to gases In and out of the alveoli.F)How would fluid in Cari’s lungs affect her total lung capacity? a. Her overall lung capacity would be lowered or decreased because of all the fluid in there. With the fluid in there it is taking up all the space that she would normally use for air which means she can’t get as much air in her lungs. G)How does the elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate alter her minute ventilation? a. It would be alter becaused it would be raised. It raises it because she has more volume in her lungs. H)Normal blood oxygen saturation levels are greater than 94%.Cari’s blood oxygen saturation level was 90% at the time of her exam and an arterial blood gas analysis done when she was admitted to the hospital revealed her arterial Po2 was 54 mm Hg. How do these clinical findings relate to the internal respiration in Cari’s body? a. First a normal resting oxygen level should be 94% or higher with no oxygen supplements. A normal Po2 on a person resting is 40 mm Hg and if it was someone that was exercise it would be even lower so the 90% and 50 mmHg means that the arteries have too much oxygen. I)Which symptoms Cari has described are due to lack of oxygen and reduced oxygen exchanged at her tissues? . When she said â€Å"P anting like a dog†. This would be a symptom of what is going on. J)As Cari’s Pco2 rose, how was the oxygen –carrying capacity of hemoglobin affected? a. It will decrease since the CO2 will take oxygen place on the bus which means she will be getting more oxygen and the CO2 will be taken and gotten rid of. K)How would you have expected Cari’s decreased Pco2 and alkaline blood pH to have affected her breathing? a. Since her pH and Pco2 is decreasing so is her rate of breathing because she is not having to work as hard.

Benefits Of A Public Health System Essay

Benefits Of A Public Health System Essay One year ago, I was given a life changing opportunity to intern at San Ignacio Community Hospital in San Ignacio, Belize. Each day brought something new: a man limping towards the emergency room with a deep shin laceration after a machete fight, mothers and their children waiting to be evaluated by a pediatrician for the first time, and numerous teen women who would soon be in delivery with no previous prenatal care. Patients traveled miles by foot, bike, or taxi to be seen at the hospital every day and we worked until all were cared for. Consequently, I witnessed how a public health system functions in a rural, considerably underserved community. Throughout my time in San Ignacio, I worked with a variety of health care professionals from different backgrounds while researching the country’s greatest health challenges. At a population of slightly over 300,000, and almost half living in poverty, Belize does not yet have the economics to provide the level of health care that is accessible just a three and a half hour plane ride north. However, while working with patients affected by Belize’s most common diseases, I learned that many of the conditions could be avoided with preventive measures such as annual screenings, vaccinations, health education, and access to primary care. While my team and I regularly brainstormed constructive ideas, we were with limited resources and time. Therefore, my desire to study the country’s public health system grew, and the want to return and improve the patients’ quality of life was instilled in me. Although my interest in public health significantly increased during my time abroad, it began long before interning in San Ignacio and has continued to grow since my return. As an undergraduate ear. .ation curriculums will train me to evaluate underserved populations along with complex global health issues and provide solutions to such issues through program design, policy development, and interventions to progress health care. Additionally, the concentration’s international practice experience will prepare me to work proficiently in invigorating circumstances and apply what I learn directly to the field. As a St. Louis native, I would thoroughly enjoy furthering my education in my hometown. It would be an honor to do so at such a renowned institution well known for its research, affiliation with distinguished health organizations, and contribution to global health. Receiving my master of public health at St. Louis University will undoubtedly lead me to a rewarding and purposeful career that will not only improve my own life, but more importantly, someone else’s.

The Narrative about My Exchange Program in Dubai Essay

The Narrative about My Exchange Program in Dubai - Essay Example The first day entails the trip to Dubai. The reason for my participation in the exchange program was the provisions that my university had to offer. However, the sight of Dubai made a change to all the casual involvement in the program. The city was beautiful, and the sound of traffic made me see how busy the population was at that very moment. The skyscrapers of Dubai were just incredible. The highest building Burj Khalifa was now a gesture that I had previously seen on pictures (Dubai). The building was tall and the tip that was the crest of the building made me wonder the height of the building. Our guide a native who had bright colored attire. The guide put forward that the Dubai was one a composition of the UAE. The most probable factor was that the beautiful city was the most popular of the eight nations that form the United Arab Emirates. The guide told me that Dubai was a center of business. The guide also wore an attractive perfume that was indigenous. The Burj Khalifa had a height of 828 meters. After a while, the guide took me to one of the best hotels in the city. The Burj Al Arab Jumeirah was our stop. The hotel is the face of Dubai in tourism as well as the hospitality advertisements. The hotel has a sail-like appearance. The structure is a mixture of blue and white. The building according to the guide is an actual symbol of the modernity that attributes to the city. There was a private point for the reception for each floor. The smell of the food was very charming, and the sight of the interior was comforting.  The guide also took me to the top of the building. The city was epic from the viewpoint. The city was subtle, and people were as small as ants.

Job eveluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Job eveluation - Research Paper Example The data collected by means of job evaluation and recapitulated in job descriptions has an array of uses in human resource management, neither of them more fundamental to the entire program of human resource than job assessment and pricing (Reda, 2002). Jointly, job evaluation, and job pricing determine what every job ought to pay. This guarantees that the pay is fair in two manners: internally, so that occupations that are moderately of larger value to the firm are paid more as compared to those of minimal value; and externally, So that rates rewarded to jobs in the firm are competitive with those remunerated by other organizations in the labor market for equivalent work. Job assessment establishes the comparative worth of a job with a different job or several others. It does not place pay rates that are the function of job pricing; relatively, it contrasts jobs with each other or gauges them against an average for instance, an Executive Secretary compared to a Stenographer, the Secretary is at a higher rank than the Stenographer. This sort of information is of importance to the firm since it acts as the basis for many elements in the program of human resource. Foremost, it carries over into the job pricing stage, with the outcome that, occupations of comparatively minimal value are awarded less pay (Rynes and Gerhart, 2000). Secondly, job evaluation identifies present wage inequalities. Job assessment exposes circumstances whereby occupations are not being paid in proportion to their comparative worth. Additionally, job evaluation offers the organization a system for allocating rates of wage to lately generated occupations compliant with their contribution to the organization (Kay, 2005). A novel occupation, for example, an E-mail Order Clerk, can be assessed and put in the apposite grade. This makes certain that the E-mail Clerk Order employed by the organization will be

Topics in Physical Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Topics in Physical Chemistry - Essay Example The understanding of chemical equilibrium has also advanced by different research studies thereby bringing new knowledge. Through exploration of different studies on the topic, this paper presents current study from peer reviewed journals and how research advance the studies in chemical equilibrium and its application. The use of computer simulations in the study of simple and long chain chemical reactions has also beenexplored. Finally, the paper explores the law of thermodynamics and how it applies to chemical equilibrium. Introduction Chemical reactions involve reactants and interacting under certain conditions to produce a product. It refers to the process of transforming a set of chemical compounds or substances to another or others with totally different identities. It involves the changes of the position of electrons with regards to formation or breaking of the bonds while the original elements always remain the same. Since there is no change in the original elements present, a chemical reaction can always be represented by an equation. Reagents or reactants are the initial substances that participate in a chemical reaction thus during a chemical reaction, there is always a change. This is because the new products exhibit different properties. New products may have differences with regard to physical, biological or chemical properties depending on the nature of chemical reaction. Chemical reaction equation must have the starting materials (reactants), conditions for reaction, intermediate products and finally the end products. However, there are certain chemical reactions that are very simple and do not need to pass through the intermediate product in order to get to the final product. In a chemical equation, we may have two different types of chemical reaction as well. Chemical reaction that takes place according to concentration and temperature at a specific rate is called non spontaneous while one that require no other conditions except thermal energy is known as spontaneous. This principle forms the basis of calculating the rate of reaction as well as managing it. In this respect, non spontaneous reaction is very slow and thus requires an additional energy or catalyst to increase its rate. Objective of the Study The objective of this study is to explore different literature and explore the current studies in chemical equilibrium. This paper aims at exploring studies in academic journals mainly focusing on equilibrium constant and its application in different industries. Chemical Reaction Chemical reactions can be well illustrated by chemical equations. Chemical equations consist of two or more reactants on the left side and the resultant products of that particular reaction on the right side. An arrow at the middle of the equation always represents the direction of reaction which can be either to the right or to the left depending on the conditions. It is therefore important to note that most chemical reactions are reversible r eactions. This is often represented by a double arrow which points on the both sides. The meaning of this is that products can also produce reactants depending on the concentrations and certain conditions. aA + bB cC + dD Irreversible reactions aA + bB cC + dD Reversible reactions The above equations shows the basic principle of a chemical reaction where A and B substances react to produce C and D substances. However, a, b, c and d

International Human Resource Management Assignment - 1

International Human Resource Management - Assignment Example With internationalization of business, many experts feel that it will influence the HR practices of a company. The most common way in which business enters into global market are Joint Ventures (JVs), Multi domestic operations (MDOs) and strategic Alliance (SA). Such kind of businesses demands changes in organizational structures, communication across organisation, etc. To handle these issues the organisations need different HR approaches for managing such MNCs. Globalisation of business has affected HR managers more than any other functional heads (Davis, Kerr Von Glinow, 1987, pp. 486-495). Hence with increasing interlink of business across the nations, the HR managers need to give importance to International orientation of the employees. International human resource management is managing worldwide human resources like allocating appropriate resources to utilise their skills effectively. International Human resource management refers to the process of allocating, procuring and eff ectively utilizing the human resources of an international organisation. ... Hence new capabilities and knowledge are needed to be incorporated in the HR practices to make it work. Human resource incurs both cost and revenue to the company (Benson, 1978, pp. 21-37). Many international organisations are facing complications of dealing with many multicultural employees which are becoming an important contributor to their success. This need for human resource specialist is widely acknowledged not only for giant multinational enterprises but also for small enterprises. With economic liberalisation across Europe, reduction in the restriction on the labour movement across the European community, with the advent of new technology has all contributed to the importance of International HRM (Black, 1988, pp. 277-294). Companies now days are trying to invest outside their own country to gain competitive advantage. Due to such strategy they sometimes recruit the local staff or even third-country nationals, like individuals who are neither from home or parent country but from third country. Hence in this case it becomes important for the organisations to look at strategies managing these resources. The HR professional needs to have a deep knowledge of what will be the appropriate environment for such organisation to reach their objectives and goals. The problems faced by Sensortec Sensortec is a UK company set up in 2000 dealing mainly with development and manufacture of electronic sensors. They have their operations spread across three centres, one at Barking, the second at Stansted and another at Docklands. Each operating centre has different functions and hence their workforce supporting the operations is of different skill set. Sensortec is now facing increasing

Truman Capote Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Truman Capote - Research Paper Example I was obsessed by it†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (69). 2. Works, contributions to literature and Popularity Capote went to live with his mother and step father in New York in his mid teens because of this uprooting from a town to the city and change of atmosphere in general Capote faced a lot of hardships in settling down. Consequently he left school and took a job in The New Yorker Magazine and with in a few years the young flourishing writer caught the attention of Bennett Cerf who was a publisher. Capote’s short story Miriam got him a contract with Random House. From there his road to success and fame was easy and it also led him in to the heart of the elite and the higher social circles of New York. Another reason for this entry was that he had an open and friendly manner because of which he was always able to make friends easily. His acclaimed short novel Breakfast at Tiffany’s also takes inspiration from his experiences and the time he spent in the cream of these elite social circles. Moreover this particular novel was also made in a film which further shows the extent of Capote’s popularity. Capote always said in 1978, ‘I had to be successful, and I had to be successful early’ apparently the author was able to fulfill his dream to the dot. He is considered to be the pioneer who introduced a new genre in the field of literature i.e. the Nonfiction Novel. This new genre of literature deals with the depiction of character and stories that were inspired from and are related to or about the people surrounding the writer. Although Capote gained a lot of popularity amongst his fans for such a depiction of the elite society in his works however this also earned him hatred and condemnation from his friends and family as also stated, ‘Capote's natural talent for weaving truth with fiction and his unflinching descriptions of his friends soon led to his rapid descent in popularity in the social circles he had worked so hard to adoptâ€℠¢ (capotebio.com). Capote’s novel ‘In Cold Blood’ was his first and the most famous nonfiction novel. This novel is about the clutter murders in the Kansas state for this particular novel Capote did a lot of research and he interviewed a lot of people to retain the novel’s originality. His ability to befriend others easily was an additional help for his research because due to his friendly manner people always confided in him easily. This amalgamation of journalism and literature produced a fantastic piece of literature that was extremely liked by the readers and the critics in general. As Willis also states, ‘Capote said, â€Å"This book was an important event for me†¦I wanted to produce a journalistic novel, something on a large scale that would have the credibility of fact, the immediacy of film, the depth and freedom of prose, and the precision of poetry†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (94).However some of the critics also gave negative feedback as Krebs al so states, ‘The critic Kenneth Tynan took Mr. Capote to task for being too strictly a reporter and not making an effort to have the killers' lives spared. Although Capote was a recipient of mixed praise from the critics in his life he only wrote 13 volumes most of which were short novels. Some of the critics thought that he had talent although he did not put it to good use. Krebs also states, ‘his old friend John Malcolm Brinnin, he failed to join the ranks of the truly great American writers because he

Historiographical Survey of Nazi Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Historiographical Survey of Nazi Germany - Essay Example Moreover, the country lead by Hitler was called as Nazi Germany which was one of the most powerful countries in that era. There are many aspects of Nazi Germany which can be discussed and there are many factors and questions which can be raised in this topic. As the twentieth century is filled with revolutions, the movement of Nazi Germany is also considered as or can be perceived as a â€Å"Revolution† and Hitler being the â€Å"Revolutionist† for some people because it was the time when Germany was â€Å"Progressing† economically and militarily. Even though Nazi Germany and policies made by Hitler could be perceived as â€Å"Revolution† for some people, however, the movement of Nazi Germany was not a revolution because it was not well supported and appreciated by the people of the country. The debate of â€Å"Nazi Germany as a Revolution† is really important because it was the Nazi Germany which was one of the most prominent causes of world war tw o. Moreover, it was actually lead by an ideology called as â€Å"Fascism† on the basis of which the movement of Nazi Germany got its support from the people. In this way, this debate is also very important because it involves an ideology which was affecting not only the political but economic aspects of Japan, Italy, Austria and Germany. Furthermore, one of the most important features of Fascism and Fascist Nazi Germany headed by Adolf Hitler is that the economy tends to be independent from other countries and the economic needs of the country must be fulfilled y its own money and resources. In this way, the country also tends to be economically independent for its progress. In this way, the debate over Nazi Germany is very important because it was fascism and fascist Nazi policies due to which the economy of Germany was growing so fast. On the other hand, this debate over Nazi Germany also deals with the matter of the fact that their ideology known as â€Å"Fascism† w as totally opposite to that of communism and, later on, Germany fought with the Soviet Union which was a Communist regime. Besides this, the importance of this debate can also be estimated by the by the fact that it was Nazi Germany which started Second World War in which Nuclear Bomb was used for the first time in the history of human kind in which a large number of people were killed out of whom 22,565 are still alive. So this was the Germany itself which challenged the world and destroyed itself, and eventually leaving the rest of the world for the Cold War between Communism and Capitalism. Besides this, the debate over Nazi Germany is also very important because it involves and discusses the brutality over the Jews and, hence, teaches the younger generation about tolerance for the diversity of beliefs and equality for the people of all religions. Another important question can also be that even if it was a revolution then whether it was supported by bourgeoisie according to the Marxist view point (Henry, 185) or it was supported by the common masses of all classes? 1 The debate over the very controversial issue â€Å"Nazi as a Revolution† involves many questions and aspects which can be argued and discussed. For example, an 2important question surrounding this debate is that was Nazi policies and movement supported by the people of Germany? Similarly there are also many other questions surrounding this debate such as the question about the formation and building block of

American Economy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Economy - Term Paper Example There are various ethical frameworks promulgated over the year. These different frameworks can be used as tools to determine which action is right and which is wrong. There are various ethical frameworks and models such as Unitarianism, Justice and Deontology. Utilitarianism framework ask that those actions are considered as right which render more good to the society, and benefits accrued from them are higher than cost of those actions. Many laws and restrictions imposed by the USA and other super powers are for their own benefits. The benefit is directly accrued to them, whereas the costs have to be borne by the entire society. This means that their actions cannot be justified and are ethically wrong. For example, the current ongoing war on terrorism is one example. The USA started the war after it became a victim of terrorism. It waged war against Afghanistan first, and then went out on hunt in Iraq. However, these actions yielded nothing. Osama was not to be found and he wasn't. However, the war on terrorism killed thousands of innocent people, destroyed millions of dollars worth of infrastructure and started the stream of terrorist attacks all around the world. It can be safely concluded that this war did more damage and was futile.

Hamlets Contradicting Traits Essay Example for Free

Hamlets Contradicting Traits Essay William Shakespeare created many complex characters in his play Hamlet. One of these complex characters being the protagonist, Prince Hamlet. Hamlet has many contradictory traits, two of them being that Hamlet sometimes thinks rationally, and that being overcome by the command left by the ghost of his belligerent father, King Hamlet, he tends to make irrational decisions. When Hamlet is first introduced to the ghost’s commands in scene one, act 5, they begin to consume him with thoughts of vengeance, to murder Claudius, his father’s murderer. Throughout the play, Hamlet acts in such a way to provide evidence supporting both traits. Conflicted by these two opposing traits, Prince Hamlet has a war of two spirits in his mind, deciding which side is right. During the length of the play, Hamlet frequently argues with himself. Many of his soliloquies are debates between Hamlet and the warring side of his mind that believes he should listen to the vengeful plan of his father’s ghost. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, is a rational scholar from Wittenberg. When he returns from Wittenberg, his mother, Queen Gertrude confronts him concerning his melancholy. He replies â€Å"Seems, madam? Nay it is. I know not ‘seems’† (1. 2. 76) He is very straightforward with her and speaks in a sensible and rational manner. This conversation happened before Hamlet encountered the ghost; therefor the militant and vengeful spirit has not yet influenced him. When Hamlet is preparing to rig the play to gage a reaction from Claudius to prove he is guilty of murdering his father, he is thinking rationally. Ill have these players/Play something like the murder of my father/Before mine uncle: Ill observe his looks; /Ill tent him to the quick: if he but blench, /I know my course. † (2. 2. 601-605) it takes and intelligent, sensible, and rational person to develop such a precise and functioning plan, therefor proving Hamlet is able to think rationally. Once Hamlet has met and been influenced to his father’s ghost, he becomes consumed with the thought of avenging his father. Hamlet is not a violent person; therefor the thought of murdering Claudius causes a lot of internal conflict for Hamlet. As Hamlet and Laertes fight in Ophelia’s grave, Hamlet says to Laertes â€Å"For, though I am not splenitive and rash, /Yet have I something in me dangerous, /Which let thy wiseness fear† (5. 1. 265-267). This quote proves that Hamlet is aware that though he is not generally a violent person, he now possesses something dangerous in him due to his dead father’s command. Later, Hamlet claims to Laertes that he is mad. â€Å"Roughly awake, I here proclaim was madness. /†¦ Who does it, then? His madness: ift be so, /Hamlet is of the faction that is wrongd; /His madness is poor Hamlets enemy† (5. . 224-233) according to Hamlet it was not him who killed Polonius it was his madness. Again, Hamlet is aware that avenging his father has driven him to be something he is not, and to do irrational things such as murdering Polonius. Hamlet had stabbed Polonius through a curtain simply because there was a slight chance it would have been Claudius hiding. Before chec king, he quickly stabbed Polonius, this is completely irrational and risky on Hamlet’s part. This dramatic turn of events caused negative repercussions towards Hamlet. By killing Polonius, Hamlet pushed Laertes to decide to avenge his own father and in the end, he murders Hamlet. The overwhelming urge to avenge his father caused Hamlet to act without thinking, putting Hamlet in a dangerous situation. Due to Hamlet’s strongly contradicting traits, he frequently argues with himself, usually in his soliloquies. Hamlet’s soliloquy â€Å"To be or not to be† is a literal debate between scholarly, rational Hamlet and Prince Hamlet as the soldier-son, seeking revenge for his pugnacious father. In this soliloquy, Hamlet questions his motives and morals. To be, or not to be: that is the question:/Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer/The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, /Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, /And by opposing end them? † (3. 1. 56-60) he is debating with himself on whether or not it is worth it to avenge his father. This way of making a decision is a rational and logical thought process in which Hamlet is evaluating all of his options and their repercussions. However, had Hamlet not had irrational thoughts to begin with, he would not have to go through with this process. Eventually Hamlet`s irrational urge to avenge his father consumes him. Most of his rationality has vanished and all of his thoughts concern revenge, or are not fully thought through. In his â€Å"My thoughts be bloody†¦Ã¢â‚¬  soliloquy, the irrational part of Hamlet`s divided soul is convincing him that if he does not avenge his father essentially he has no purpose â€Å"What is a man,/If his chief good and market of his time /Be but to sleep and feed? a beast, no more† (4. 4. 36-38) Hamlet says if he has no purpose, he is nothing. At the end of the soliloquy Hamlet decides â€Å"My thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth! (4. 4. 68) this is him saying that if his thoughts are not concerning violent actions towards Claudius, they are worthless. These thoughts are completely irrational, and the benefits and downfalls of this decision have not been taken into consideration. Later when Hamlet is asked whether he would prefer to battle Laertes now, or give himself some tim e to prepare, he quickly responds that he will fight him now, leading to Hamlet’s death. Again, Hamlet has irrationally made a decision without considering each side of the argument. The command left by the ghost of his father has completely overcome his mind leaving him not thinking logically or rationally as he was at the beginning of the play. Hamlet is an irrational rationalist. Before the ghost confronts him, Hamlet is a rational scholar from Wittenberg, however afterwards, the ghost’s vengeful thoughts consumes him, giving Hamlet an irrational and violent mindset. During the play, these two combative traits are warring in his mind, and expressed through soliloquies. Many of Hamlet’s soliloquies are debates between these two opposing traits. Eventually, the vengeful thoughts consume Hamlet and he becomes highly irrational. He does not plan or think anything through as he did at the beginning of the play. Hamlet’s irrationality is potentially the cause of his madness, and death. Had Hamlet not been so irrational whilst making decisions and allowing the vengeful thoughts left by his father to consume him, Claudius would not be seeking to murder him. Though Hamlet is genuinely a rationalist, his need to avenge his father’s death consumes him, causing him to make irrational and illogical decisions.

Kobe Bryant Essay Example for Free

Kobe Bryant Essay Kobe Bean Bryant (born August 23, 1978), nicknamed the Black Mamba, is an American professional basketball player who plays shooting guard for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He entered the NBA directly from high school, and has played for the Lakers his entire career, winning five NBA championships. Bryant is a 15-time All-Star, 14-time member of the All-NBA Team, and 12-time member of the All-Defensive team. As of June 2012, he ranks third and fifth on the leagues all-time post-season scoring and all-time regular season scoring lists, respectively. Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School, where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country. He declared his eligibility for the NBA Draft upon graduation, and was selected with the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA Draft by the Charlotte Hornets, then traded to the Los Angeles Lakers. As a rookie, Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high-flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest. Bryant and Shaquille ONeal led the Lakers to three consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002. A heated feud between the duo and a loss in the 2004 NBA Finals was followed by ONeals trade from the Lakers after the 2003–04 season. Following ONeals departure Bryant became the cornerstone of the Los Angeles Lakers franchise. He led the NBA in scoring during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons, setting numerous scoring records in the process. In 2006, Bryant scored a career-high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors, the second most points scored in a single game in NBA history, second only to Wilt Chamberlains 100-point game in 1962. He was awarded the regular seasons Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) in 2008. After losing in the 2008 NBA Finals, Bryant led the Lakers to two consecutive championships in 2009 and 2010, earning the NBA Finals MVP Award on both occasions. At 34 years and 104 days of age, Bryant became the youngest player in league history to reach 30,000 career points. He is also the all-time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history. Since his second year in the league, Bryant has been selected to start every All-Star Game. He has won the All-Star MVP Award four times (2002, 2007, 2009, and 2011), tying him for the most All Star MVP Awards in NBA history. At the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics, he won gold medals as a member of the USA national team. Sporting News and TNT named Bryant the top NBA player of the 2000s. In 2003, Bryant was accused of sexual assault after having sex with a hotel employee in Colorado. In September 2004, prosecutors dropped the case after his accuser refused to testify. A civil suit was later filed and settled out of court.

Features of Perfect Competition

Features of Perfect Competition Contrast the features of perfect competition with those of oligopoly. (10) The comparison between perfect competition and oligopoly will be based on the following: number of buyers and sellers, nature of product, and barriers to entry of firms. Number of buyers and sellers Perfect competition is a market structure that is characterised by many buyers and sellers with each firms output representing an insignificant proportion of the total output. Hence, sellers cannot influence prices by changing its level of output. Thus, they accept the market price as given i.e they are price takers. Each firm then faces a perfectly elastic demand curve as shown in fig 1a. An example of a market that comes close to the perfectly competitive model is that of agricultural farming. How much the farmer sells his wheat for will depend on the prevailing price of wheat in the market. On the other hand, an oligopolistic firm produces a significant amount of the total market output. The seller can either influence the price or output. It can sell more by lowering price or increase price but sell less. This indicates that the firms demand curve is downward sloping. In addition, due to the small number of firms prevalent in the market, each firm now makes its decisions based on the reaction of other firms in the same industry. No firm can afford to ignore the actions and reactions of other firms in the industry. For example, there are only a few car manufacturers in the US such as Chrysler, GM and Ford Motors. If Ford Motors wants to increase sales, it can lower the price of its cars so that some buyers will switch from either Chrysler or General Motors but the increase in quantity demanded will be insignificant given that Chrysler and General Motors will follow the cut in price. This behaviour can be summarized by the kinked demand curve. Nature of product In perfect competition, each seller produces an identical product, thus they are perfect substitutes for each other. Since consumers think that the products are the same, they will not show any preference towards the goods of one firm over another. This means that sellers are not able to arbitrarily raise their prices for fear that consumers switch to other firms. Firms in perfect competition are price takers, and the demand for their goods are perfectly price elastic, hence the horizontal demand curve. In oligopoly, firms may either be producing a homogenous product or a differentiated product. When the product is differentiated, the oligopolist can increase the price and the output would not fall significantly. This implies substantial market power for the firms in an oligopoly. Even when the good is homogenous like steel or aluminium, the firm is likely to differentiate in terms of the services and terms of conditions, hence the downward sloping demand curve. Barriers to entry There are no barriers to entry or exit in a PC industry so the markets will consist of a large number of small sellers. The implication of this is that the firms in perfectly competitive industry will earn normal profits in the long run as supernormal profit earned by the firms in the short run will be depleted by the entry of the new firms into the industry. It is relatively easy to lease a plot of land to grow wheat and in the event that the farmer chose to give up wheat farming, he could easily terminate his lease with the landlord. The start up cost is low as all he needs are some simple tools and seedlings. In oligopoly, there are significant entry and exit barriers. For example, in car production, there are very high initial fixed costs such as the setting up of the assembly line and only if the firm produces a very large output level will the average cost fall significantly. The lower cost associated with a big output serves as an entry barrier for new firms as their initial d emand is usually low. Exit is also difficult, as it is not easy to dispose of the firms fixed assets. Other forms of barriers could be patent rights, exclusive ownership of certain raw materials and legal barriers. So the oligopolist can earn supernormal profits even in the long run. 2b. Discuss why oligopoly is a more common type of market structure compared to perfect competition. (15) Perfect competition is an ideal model and so it is difficult to find markets that have all these characteristics. There are some markets in the real world that approximates perfect competition. Examples of such markets are farming, the stock exchange market and the foreign currency market. These markets possess some of the characteristics of PC as explained in part (a). However, even in such markets, some of the characteristics are hard to fulfil. For instance, buyers and sellers may not be price takers. In the stock exchange market, there are some individuals or institutions that can influence the price of shares through their large holdings of a particular companys shares. The product is also not homogenous if stock of different companies are considered., Thus, if they were to sell their shares, price will fall. Knowledge is not perfect either. Although buyers and sellers do have easy access to information through their brokers and the Internet, there are some who do have insider i nformation and use that to their advantage. Moreover, managers tend to reveal more information about their companies to financial specialists rather than to small investors. In the real world, most industries do not have that many firms. In fact, in industries such as automobiles, air-craft manufacturing industry, oil industry, steel industry, supermarket chains and pharmaceutical industry, the industry is dominated by a few large firms. Most firms would rather face less competition so that their market power can be consolidated and secured. Oligopoly is thus a more desired form of market structure as far as sellers are concerned. Oligopoly is a more common market structure. It can be attributed mainly to the high entry barriers. Barriers to entry refer to any impediments that prevent new firms from competing on an equal basis with existing firms in an industry. An effective barrier for new firms to enter the industry is substantial economies of scale. The production of some goods involves very high initial fixed costs. Good examples are the petroleum industry and the manufacturing of aircrafts. For example, Airbus and Boeing must construct huge expensive structures to build the A380. Thus, for the production of such goods, the larger the output the greater is the economies of scale enjoyed by the firm. Such industries have very large Minimum Efficient Scale, and hence, only a few firms exist in such industries. Economies of scale are not the only source of barrier to entry. Other barriers to entry can be the possession of superior technical knowledge or sterling reputation for quality or efficiency. Take for example, high end sports cars like the Ferrari is such well known brand names that it is quite impossible for any new auto firms to replicate them. For years, they are the symbol of quality and luxury, an image that the carmakers have painstakingly cultivated. Production of such cars also requires superior technical knowledge, which is jealously guarded by the manufacturers. Thus it is not easy for new firms to enter such industries. In addition, existing firms could have spent millions on advertising to build and maintain brand loyalty. It will require a substantial period of high advertising costs and low revenues for new entrants if they want to establish themselves. Also, they can spend large amounts on advertising to make it difficult for a new entrant to differentiate its product. With the high entry barriers, firms are able to earn supernormal profits in the long run and have the financial strength to block the entry of new firms. Such firms can also adopt predatory pricing to further keep out competitors. Their huge profits allow them to cut prices drastically to drive out competitors. They can maintain excess production capacity as a signal to a potential entrant that with little notice, they could easily saturate the market and leave the new entrant with little or no revenue. Besides, huge profits allow firms to spend generously on RD. The discovery of new and better products allows them to compete more effectively in the market and also keep out other firms. For instance, in the pharmaceutical industry, millions of dollars are required to discover a new vaccine or a new drug. Hence the presence of high entry barriers results in many oligopolies. Globalisation and liberalization With increased globalisation, many domestic firms are threatened by the entry of big foreign firms or MNCs. Bigger firms have a competitive advantage in terms of pricing. Domestic firms can survive as long as there is government legislation to prevent the entry of foreign firms. But most governments are liberalizing their domestic industries. In order to compete with foreign firms, domestic firms have to merge. A merger would safeguard their survival as well as to allow them to compete more effectively. For instance, the merger of DBS bank with POSB and UOB with OUB , are all meant to expand the size of each bank so as to better compete with other international banks such as Citibank and Standard Chartered etc when MAS liberalize the financial sector to encourage competition. Hence globalisation has increased the tendency for mergers and the formation of oligopolies. Conclusion There are not many industries in the real world that satisfy the characteristics of the perfectly competitive model given it is an ideal model. On the other hand, the characteristics of an oligopoly are more easily met. The nature of production is more favourable to an oligopolistic kind of market. There are many advantages to being big. Some firms are big due to high entry barriers natural or man-made, while others expand internally or externally through mergers and acquisition in response to a changing external environment. The main reason for oligopoly being a common market structure can be attributed to benefits of economies of scale which gives firms the incentive to merge and be large. It will lower their costs and give them higher returns to meet potential competition and as a consequence, they have huge incentives to erect barriers to deter entry by new firms, and to consolidate their position.

A Study of the Trans-Texas Corridor and How it Affects Texans Essay exa

A Study of the Trans-Texas Corridor and How it Affects Texans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everything is bigger in Texas. That’s what a lot of Texans what Americans and people around the world to know – you don’t mess with Texas. In the 1950’s, when President Eisenhower created the first Interstate plan for the country and implemented new roads in almost every single state, it was the largest engineering feat in the modern world. Now, almost half a century later, Governor Rick Perry is set to break that record, with the costliest, largest, and most incredible-sized proportion Texas Trans-Corridor, dubbed the â€Å"Texas Superhighway,† a 4000 mile, $175 billion dollar project that won’t be completely functional for another fifty years (Perry). This project certainly has proponents and opposition. But first, we must understand what the Texas Trans-Corridor’s purpose is in the state of Texas, and how it would affect the rest of the country as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Governor Rick Perry came into office as George W. Bush’s successor in 2000. Immediately, he laid down his plans for the future of Texas, without having the say of most of Texas’s constituents, since he was appointed based on Bush’s presidency. Perry’s grand vision is nothing short of incredible, even to the opponent’s eyes. At a quarter-mile wide, the Texas Superhighways that will probably soon cross Texas will be the largest transportation commodity in the free world (Stall). Perry’s idea doesn’t just answer problems for congestion on highways – it answers problems for congested railroads in major cities such as San Antonio and Dallas, and it also develops one of the newest concepts to the Texas way of life, high speed rail, which has only dared to compete in the Northeast â€Å"corridor† of the United States. Perry also wants to develop a utility zone next to the highway, which will enable electricit y lines, pipelines, fiber optics, even water pipelines toward any city that is connected to the corridor. (Perry)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perry’s vision is supposed to answer one specific problem that almost all Texans do know about: How do we curb congestion on the most congested freeway with trucks and vehicular traffic in the United States? I-35, notorious for its bottlenecks between Austin and San Antonio, is part of the NAFTA Superhighway system. I-35 extends all the way to Michigan down to Laredo in South Texas (Associated Press – KBTX). When the NAFTA ... ... on how they drive around this massive state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Palkot, Stephen. "Perry promotes corridor project." The Herald -Coaster 25 Mar. 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 Apr. 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Osbourne, James. "Trans Texas Corridor in planning stage until 2006." The Monitor 24   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mar. 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Perry, Rick. Texas Department of Transportation. I-69 / Trans-Texas Corridor Study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004. 14 Apr. 2005 . Perry, Rick. Texas Department of Transportation. Trans-Texas Corridor. 2004. 14 Apr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2005 . "What's at stake: Slow down the Trans-Texas Superhighway: Let's LookBefore We   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leap!" Online posting. Texas Action Network. 14 Apr. 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . "Texas Superhighway?" KBTX. 14 Apr. 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Stall, Linda. CorridorWatch.org - Challenging the Wisdom of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trans-Texas Corridor.. 09 Apr. 2005. 14 Apr. 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Booth, Cathy , and Thomas Hutto. "The Next Wave in Superhighways, or A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Big, Fat Texas Boondoggle?" Time 06 Dec. 2004. 14 Apr. 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,832224,00.html Texas Legislature Online. State of Texas. 14 Apr. 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.capitol.state.tx.us Slotboom, Eric. Home Page. 17 July 2001. 03 May 2005   

Alien and Sedition Power: The Story of an Immigrant :: essays research papers

In the beginning, of our country, it was the Federalist Party with supreme power. In 1796, John Adams, a federalist, was President and the majority of congress was made up of federalists. John Adams was a very strong leader. He believed in federalist actions very much. He helped bring federalists to their current position. They were supreme, the law of the land. There was only meager opposition: the Democratic-Republican Party (DRP). This new party was led by Virginians Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Jefferson, at the time, was Vice-President but that is till an inferior position to Adams. The DRP believed in â€Å"power to the people† while the Federalists thought that a strong national government was needed to help our country. But both side agreed on one thing, America was a free land. It was a place for people of all kinds to live. This was an ideal home for freedom seeking immigrants, especially the French.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Hey Gabriel, the boat is docking! We must be ready to get off when it reaches the pier.† I yelled into the steerage cabin. â€Å"We’re finally in America!† Hi, my name is Jacque Savoie. I’m a Frenchman. My wife and I are going to start a new life here in the United States of America. We are searching for a land where we can be free, away from the tyrant king of France. In this land we will be granted the right to vote and to even run for a position in government! Our voyage across the Atlantic Ocean was long, tiring, and really bad too but I think that it was worth it. Our boat has landed in Raleigh, Virginia in the month of June and from here we will start our journey. The summer weather is in our favor. I heard that a guy named Thomas Jefferson is a man who can help us get our citizenship and that he also approves of a people run government. He is the Vice President but some say he used to be a commoner, form right here in Virginia. Anyway, tomorrow my wife and I are going to the Town Hall to legalize our citizen ship. I am going to become a citizen! I arrived at the Raleigh Town Hall yesterday at approximately 4:00 p.m. My wife and I approached the front office, with all of our paperwork filled out, and asked for our citizenship. The man looked up and laughed.

Why Couples Break Up Essay -- essays research papers

In our complex society there are marriages and relationships that succeed and comparably many that do not. Unfortunately, many small conflicts within people do not resolve easily and lead up to divorces and/or break ups. It is unfair to say that particular sex is responsible for all the causes the difficulties in relationships. Therefore, both sides should be analyzed closely to find the flaws within the relationships. Most men think that their girlfriends or wives are the main problem makers, and strongly oppose the fact that they are the problem too. Similarly, women find their own reasons to blame their men for the failures of their relationships. However, everything comes to a point where each person should take a look at their own flaws and also consider the problems in their own sex, that unfortunately cause their marriage to dissolve in the big pot of misunderstanding and confusion. From women's point of view we can see that men are not the perfect human beings, which they thi nk they are. Women come up with countless causes that build up tension between couples. Important of all, men are blamed for every single thing. Major causes that raise difficulties and rifts within relationships are men's irresponsible spending, their habit for gawking at other girls, and that they usually forget special occasions. First of all, a main cause that is commonly identified by many females is that men go for other girls and gawk at them even in their presence. Many conflicts in rela...

Organic food sector

This document is an information report providing a micro and macro environmental analysis of the organic industry. It gives specific attention to the European and German market and to the retail industry in particular. A brief introduction, also focusing on the reasons and criteria for the selection of such sector, will be followed by an assessment of the aspects at the micro and macro level that affect the players operating in it. To facilitate the analysis I will pretend that the writer of the following report is a manager operating in the broader food industry.Since we operate in the food retail industry, both nationally (Germany) and on the European level, I suggest, as sales director of this company, to consider entering the organic branch, since it has been growing steadily in the last 2 decades. Organic farming can be regarded as method of production that gives particular attention to environmental protection and animal welfare, thus avoiding the adoption of synthetic chemical means and the production of genetically modified organisms. The industry is highly regulated, requiring producers to acquire special certification to sell goods as organic within given borders.The market has been growing steadily, as suggested above, and is still doing so despite the economic and financial crisis; it grew globally by more than 25 per cent since the start of the global crisis between 2008 and 2011. According to the latest data (Fill and ‘FOAM, 2013), 37. Million hectares of agricultural land are nowadays organic (they were 11 million only in 1999) and 1. 8 million producers world-wide are reported (from 252 thousand in 2000). The global sales have also seen a dramatic increase, climbing by almost 200% in the last 10 years.Although this industry accounts only for 1-2% of the total food production globally, almost 10% of the total food sales share is covered by it. Fig 1 . Organic agricultural land by region, 1999-2010 Despite the number of producers and retaile rs, as I will elucidate later in this report, has been increasing year after year in order to cover the high demand for this kind of rodents (mostly driven by concerns about private health on one hand and the global environment on the other), I believe there are still good opportunities for ambitious firms to enter – at any point of the supply chain – this relatively new and steadily expanding market. . Macro environmental analysis The environment where firms operate includes several forces that affect their activity, from the acquisition of resources, through the process of transformation of such input, and finally to the creation of an output. The more external forces (general or contextual, such as political, cultural, social and legal) are the ones influencing the rim in a more general way, as opposed to the operational ones, which affect the business on a daily basis (Ian and Christ, 2006).In this part I will refer to the external range of influences and observe h ow these can have an impact on the organic industry. As said, the focus will be on the European market and on Germany, which represents the biggest player in the E area and the second largest globally. Selection of factors To carry out this task I have asked my team of analysts to perform a Pestle analysis, which takes into account political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental aspects.It is usually performed by almost every major and minor organization in order to get an overview of the whole scenario of a particular industry or branches of it. Of course the elements considered vary in importance based on the industry and the goods involved. In the organic sector's case, the socio-cultural, political and legal aspects are particularly crucial and the report will give a particular attention to these; in addition, other factors not (directly) included in Pestle but that it is important to mention when analyzing this particular industry, are the demographi c and regulatory ones.Environmental issues also represent a major concern. 2. 1 Specific macro-factor analysis 2. 1. 1 Political factors These basically represent to what extent the government (local, national or supra- national) intervenes in a particular industry. Demand for bio products and the growing popularity of organic farming within Europe has fostered the development and implementation – through the European Commission, The EX. Council and the EX. Parliament – of official rules, programmed and plans.This level of action is closely related to the regulatory one, which will be more thoroughly addressed in the section following this one. The most relevant document to mention in this part is the â€Å"European action plan for organic food and farming†, which comprises 21 initiatives in order to develop the market and get better standards by increasing transparency, reliability, efficacy and consumers' trust. Also at the national level many governments have been providing their plans and policies in order to support the growth and efficiency of the organic industry.In Germany, for instance, the range of governmental assistance in the last decade has increased significantly both through the Federal Government and the Leander; the measures are directed both to organic agriculture and to the whole supply chain (Nibbler and Kenneth, 2007). Environmental objectives, as well as the opportunity for rural development, are the main goals of the government's financial, legal and regulatory support for operators dealing in this industry. 2. 1. 2 Legal and regulatory factors The political intervention in the industry is, as discussed, very present and fundamental for its growth.Although it might benefit the overall sector, the high level of laws and regulations represent nonetheless a potential barrier for new entrants. In 2009 the EX. introduced new regulations regarding the production, control and babbling of organic goods. These put an ever bi gger attention to environmental, animal and consumer protection and health. For instance, food can be sold as organic only if 95% of its ingredients derive from organic agriculture and processing. Closed cycles (using internal resources) are favored to open cycles; external resources should be limited to natural or naturally obtained materials.Only in exceptional cases, thoroughly evaluated by the European Commission, chemical synthetic resources may be allowed if other suitable alternatives are not available. 2. 1. 3 Economic factors Europe has, according to the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, 25% of the world's organic farmland, but it represents almost half of the global revenue within organic industry (the American market is still the world's largest). Sales of organic products were approximately 21. 5 billion Euros in 2011 (Fill, 2013).The largest market for organic products is Germany, with almost 7 billion Euros (Nielsen and Braun, 2013), followed by the I-J (3 bil lion Euros), France and Italy (both 2 billion Euros). Fig 2. Sales growth of German market in 2012 The German market grew by 6% in 2012 up to 7. 04 billion Euros, showing a stable Roth and representing 3. 9% of the entire food market; the increase in the previous year had been even higher (9%), influenced by several food scandals that drove more and more consumers from conventional food to bio products.Fig 3. Sales growth from 2000 to 2012 Fig 4. Organic food sales in Germany (2012) 2. 1. 4 Socio-cultural factors (and demographic ones) A growing number of people are nowadays more informed, health- and environment- conscious than ever; they are thus willing to spend more on healthy natural foods, since there is widespread public belief that organic food is much safer, more atrocious, and environmental friendlier than conventional food.In any case it is important to note that â€Å"regardless of whether any measurable health benefits exist from consumption of organic produce, the pub lic perception of health gains associated with organic produce is undoubtedly influenced by statements that are not (yet) able to be supported by scientific evidence. † (Givens, 2008).Demography also plays a very important role in an increasingly aging Europe; in Germany (one of the countries with the lowest birth rate), the typical heavy consumer of this kind of rodents is in his mid ass (thus belonging to the generation of the forerunners of the ecological movement in this country) and with a good income level. Young consumers, such as students and entry level workers, tend to opt for more affordable options. The market is slowly opening to 30+ customers, mostly young professionals fond of a healthy and dynamic life-style. . Micro environmental analysis This section of the report will mainly focus on Porter's â€Å"5 forces analysis†, concentrating the analysis on those factors that can more directly influence the daily activities of a firm operating in the organic in dustry, affecting its ability to satisfy its customers and make a profit. As the producers' scenario is particularly fragmented, the study will give particular attention to the German retail industry and often assume the perspective of the five largest specialist retail chains operating in it.Three forces relate to ‘horizontal' competition, such as the threat of substitute products or services, the threat of established rivals, and the threat of new entrants; the two remaining forces represent ‘vertical' competition: the bargaining power of suppliers and the one of customers. . 1 Threat of established rivals (intensity of competitive rivalry) In Germany organic products are sold as follows: 35% in traditional supermarkets (around 40. 00 shops) 23% in specialist shops (around 2000 shops; there are 17 organic supermarket chains, the 5 biggest are Lunar, Vital, Den's Bio, Basic and Redford). 19% in discounts supermarkets (more than 10. 000 shops) Fig 5. Number of specialize d organic outlets in Germany (2008) It is therefore clear that, despite being this sector quite young, the number of actors operating in it is very high; this great level of rivalry determines a high threat to profits.It is furthermore important to note that these operators vary consistently in cost structures and have different levels of exit barriers; bigger, traditional retailers/ wholesalers (such as Metro, Rowe and Deeds) have an advantage in terms of economies of scale, although they will have to face stronger exit barriers, considering the amount of their investments. According to recent research (Bifocal, 2010), the further development of the specialized organic market sector will see a decrease in terms of market share in favor of traditional supermarkets; nevertheless, the overall turnover will increase.This is mainly due to the fact that specialized retailers can provide a wider range of products, a more regular supply, competent staff and the availability of non-foods it ems as well. 3. 2 Threat of new entrants The highest threat is represented by traditional supermarkets with re-branding strategies towards the organic sector, since completely new entrants would face and be discouraged by very strong entry barriers in terms of capital requirements, economies of scale, amount of regulations, experience curve and access to key inputs. The resulting threat to profits can therefore be regarded as medium. 3.Threat of substitute products There are not many direct substitutes for organic food and as long as a large portion of the public will be convinced that it is safer, healthier, more nutritious and even tastier than conventional one, its higher prices will be Justified and the branch will maintain if not increase the market share. Nonetheless, local farmers' markets provide a good alternative for individuals fond of food with no pesticides and with a low environmental impact; even so, their prices are not rarely higher than the ones offered in supermar kets (even if specialized) and their presence on the territory is ere scarce.There are some products and services that could be listed as indirect substitutes, since they also help satisfy the desire of a healthier and CEO-friendly life- style. Fitness centers, wellness programs and sustainable tourism are Just some of these. Despite this, it is important to stress the fact that nutrition is usually regarded as the most crucial factor when it comes to choices taken by consumers in order to improve their personal health and reduce the negative effects on the environment.The resulting level of threat to profits from substitute products can again be regarded as medium. 3. Bargaining power of buyers Consumers' power in this industry is mostly influenced by the following factors: Price sensitivity Buyers are ready to spend more than on conventional food provided that this is justified by higher levels of quality, freshness, taste and the certainty (provided by certificates and labels) th at the production and packaging of goods respect specific standards and norms.Despite this general observation, discount supermarkets have been lately offering similar products to the one displayed in specialized chains for sensibly lower prices, alerting customers that a similar quality can be obtained also or half of the usual price. Price sensitivity is therefore increasing. Information availability This kind of consumer is usually extremely educated and informed and consequently expects a high level of transparency, as well as being well aware of the different alternatives available in order to satisfy his demand.Degree of dependency upon existing channels of distribution Buyers have been increasingly attracted by the offers displayed in the Internet through more or less specialized organic e-shops. This could represent a potential threat (as well as an opportunity for further investment), although most consumers till rely on traditional channels, offering, among other services, the availability of competent and specialized staff.Availability of substitute products See above The resulting level of threat from this force can be regarded as medium to high. 3. 5 Bargaining power of suppliers Contrarily to the US market, where suppliers are extremely concentrated (with local farmers often signing contracts with big corporations) and represent the real dominant power in the organic industry, in Europe they are still very fragmented.They do not represent a big threat for the retail industry. It is furthermore not likely for suppliers to tend towards forward vertical integration. The resulting level of threat from this force can be regarded as low to medium The above mentioned observations can be summarized in the following table, which underlines the micro environmental factors within the organic (retail) industry and their level of threat. Fig 6. Porter's five forces summary 4.Further relevant specific market issues: recent developments in the target market Res earchers Budded and Ham (2011) observe that the traditional parameters necessary to define the usual buyer of organic products (e. . Level of income and education, age, as indicated above), have almost completely lost their previous importance in the last few years; the authors have thus come to the conclusion that marketing campaigns should concentrate on health-orientated specific needs, underlining the naturalness of goods and their lacking of chemically produced ingredients.

Doing The Dirty Work

blood an no.tion magazines and newspapers regularly publish articles about the ever-ever-changing nature of decease in the joined States and about how mevery reflects ar universe changed. Indeed, beca usage so much has been made of the crack toward service-sector and professional jobs, mevery lot fabricated that the topic of offensive an undesir equal jobs has dec discoverd. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Millions of Ameri johns snip in gleaming bank reap-conditi hotshotd facilities, plainly mevery slightly separates change by reversal in dirty, grimy, and grave settings.For example, many jobs in the recycling sedulousness require take away iners to sort through lament adapted transporters of trash, draw and quartering out those items that tin mess be recycled. Other relatively unattractive jobs hold cleanup position hospital restrooms, washing dishes in a restaurant, and handling toxic waste. cogitate the jobs in a yellow- touch rapidity. Much standardised a manufacturing assembly pull out, a yellowish- cognitive operationing facility is nonionic about a locomote conveyor system. Workers call it the string.In reality, its a steel cable with large clips that carries at peace(predicate) chickens down what might be called a disassembly railway system. Standing along this line atomic number 18 dozens of sueers who do, in fact, enquire the birds apart as they pass. Even the titles of the jobs atomic number 18 unsavory. Among the startle set of jobs along the chain is the scratchner. Skinners map sharp instruments to shortened and pull the skin off the all in(p) chicken. Towards the position of the line argon the gut pullers. These fielders march on interior the chicken carcasses and remove the intestines and different organs.At the end of the line ar the gastric mill go forthters, who tackle the much tight organs attached to the inner of the chickens carcass. These organs score t o be nonp beil at a time curtail and removed for disposal. The survive is plain distasteful, and the pace of the flirt is unrelenting. On a good mean solar day the chain moves an second-rate of cab artty chickens a minute for baseball club hours. And the workers are essentially held captive by the woful chain. For example, no one send word vacate a hold to social occasion the washbasin or for other reasons without the leave of the supervisor.In almost(a) proves, taking an unaccredited bathroom break after part take in suspension without pay. But the encumbrance in a typical chicken- bear upon engraft is so loud that the supervisor puket hear someone trading for support unless the person happens to be stand snug by. Jobs such(prenominal)(prenominal) as these on the chicken-processing line are actually fitting more(prenominal) than and more common. Fuelled by Ameri buttockss growing appetites for lean, halcyon-to- make water meat, the number of fowl workers has al virtually twofold since 1980, and nowadays they shit a work jam of around a quarter of a one thousand million throng.Indeed, the chicken-processing constancy has become a major component of the introduce economies of Georgia, northerly Carolina, Mississippi, Arkansas, and aluminum. as well creation unpleasant and dirty, many jobs in a chicken-processing vegetation are on the hook(predicate) and unhealthy. Some workers, for example, have to combat the make love birds when they are first hung on the chains. These workers are routinely scratched and pecked by the chickens. And the pass around at bottom a typical chicken-processing plant is ambitious to breathe.Workers are usually supplied with paper masks, nevertheless most put one overt expenditure them beca using up they are intent and confining. And the work place itself is so tight that the workers very much whoop themselvesand sometimes their coworkerswith the knives, scissors, and other instruments they economic consumption to execute their jobs. Indeed, poultry processing ranks third among industries in the unite States for cumulative trauma injuries such as carpet tunnel syndrome. The needed chicken feathers, faeces, and blood similarly collapse to the hazardous and unpleasant work environment.Question Q1 How pertinent are the concept of competencies to the job in a chicken- processing plant ? autonomic nervous system- concept of competencies is basically The faculty to discharge some task Meeting contract qualifications to actualize implicit knowledge of a languages structure or the might to do something well, measured against a standard, especially ability acquired through stimulate or training so competencies is the skills ,knowledge, ability to do the particular task.So in chickenprocessing plant anyone female genitalst work or ordain be not able to work beca mathematical function of environment of plantand also beca engross of some jobs in pl ant are solemn like they have to fight the make out birds when they first hang on chain, and the air inside the plant is embarrassing to breathe. ordinarily workers are yieldd mask for and most take ont use it because it is hot and confining .And work blank at plant itself is so tight that the workers lots cut themselves and sometimes their co-workers with many instruments they use to achieve their job. And they have to captive with pitiful chain for example no one shadow vacate a military position to use the bathroom or for other reason without the license of the supervisors according to concept of competencies anyone will be not able to do these showcase of dirty jobs so these jobs require those people who can work efficiently and can stay at plant and who are non vegetarianQ. 2- How might you try to advance the jobs in a chicken processing plant ? autonomic nervous system-we can mitigate the jobs in chicken processing plants by1)hire or recruit those people who are non vegetarian so they will be more able to do and handle these cause of work more efficiently2) we can provide them any machine that will cut the chicken automatically so that we can scale the safety issues like cut and trauma etc.3)We can make the environment more kind so that workers will enthral the work4)we will arrange more space on assembly line or moving chain so that workers can easily handle the work safely and by this we can shrivel up the stern jobs5) will provide peaceful and eco friendly paper mask to the workers so that those workers who turn int like the air inside the plant can work easily6)those workers who dont like to work on assembly line or dont know the process we can jailbreak them to another jobs7)if any workers emergency to go for bathroom they can go without the permission of super visior and fleck other workers will handle his job So by all above finis we can improve the jobs in a chicken processing whole because no. of poultry workers are increase day by day in U. S. as well as in many countries like Georgia aluminium etc. Q. 3-Are dirty, vulnerable, and unpleasant jobs an undeniable part of any thriftiness?autonomic nervous system- Yes, because chicken processing manufacturing has became a major component of the many state economies like Georgia ,North Carolina, and Alabama etc and jobs such as these on the chicken processing are actually decorous increasely common. And also because of growing appetites for lean, easy to cook meat. And numbers of poultry workers has well-nigh doubled since 1980 in U. S. because meat is cheaper in that location comparison to veg food And also because some some unemployed workers in any scrimping doesnt have skills to doany other work and for their basic needs they has to do these role of dirty and dangerous jobs Because they dont have any other options. In India also no. of non vegetarian are increasing and a large no. of our tribe is non vegetarian and unemployment rate is also graduate(prenominal) so many people have to these sheath of dirty jobs.Doing The Dirty Work product line magazines and newspapers regularly publish articles about the changing nature of work in the United States and about how many jobs are being changed. Indeed, because so much has been made of the shift toward service-sector and professional jobs, many people off-key that the number of unpleasant an undesirable jobs has declined. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Millions of Americans work in gleaming air-conditioned facilities, hardly many others work in dirty, grimy, and unsafe settings. For example, many jobs in the recycling industry require workers to sort through moving conveyors of trash, pulling out those items that can be recycled.Other relatively unattractive jobs include cleaning hospital restrooms, washing dishes in a restaurant, and handling toxic waste. Consider the jobs in a chicken-processing facility. Much like a manufacturing assembly line , a chicken-processing facility is organised around a moving conveyor system. Workers call it the chain. In reality, its a steel cable with large clips that carries dead chickens down what might be called a disassembly line. Standing along this line are dozens of workers who do, in fact, take the birds apart as they pass.Even the titles of the jobs are unsavory. Among the first set of jobs along the chain is the skinner. Skinners use sharp instruments to cut and pull the skin off the dead chicken. Towards the middle of the line are the gut pullers. These workers reach inside the chicken carcasses and remove the intestines and other organs. At the end of the line are the ventriculus cutters, who tackle the more difficult organs attached to the inside of the chickens carcass. These organs have to be by the piece cut and removed for disposal. The work is ostensibly distasteful, and the pace of the work is unrelenting. On a good day the chain moves an medium of ninety chickens a min ute for nine hours. And the workers are essentially held captive by the moving chain.For example, no one can vacate a post to use the bathroom or for other reasons without the permission of the supervisor. In some plants, taking an unauthorised bathroom break can result in suspension without pay. But the noise in a typical chicken-processing plant is so loud that the supervisor cant hear someone calling for relief unless the person happens to be standing close by. Jobs such as these on the chicken-processing line areactually becoming increasingly common. Fuelled by Americans growing appetites for lean, easy-to-cook meat, the number of poultry workers has almost doubled since 1980, and today they constitute a work force of around a quarter of a million people. Indeed, the chicken-processing industry has become a major component of the state economies of Georgia, North Carolina, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Alabama.Besides being unpleasant and dirty, many jobs in a chicken-processing pl ant are dangerous and unhealthy. Some workers, for example, have to fight the have birds when they are first hung on the chains. These workers are routinely scratched and pecked by the chickens. And the air inside a typical chicken-processing plant is difficult to breathe. Workers are usually supplied with paper masks, tho most dont use them because they are hot and confining. And the work space itself is so tight that the workers often cut themselvesand sometimes their coworkerswith the knives, scissors, and other instruments they use to perform their jobs. Indeed, poultry processing ranks third among industries in the United States for cumulative trauma injuries such as carpet tunnel syndrome. The ineluctable chicken feathers, faeces, and blood also move over to the hazardous and unpleasant work environment.QuestionQ1 How relevant are the concept of competencies to the job in a chicken- processing plant ? Ans- concept of competencies is basically The ability to perform some ta sk Meeting qualify qualifications to perform implicit knowledge of a languages structure or the ability to do something well, measured against a standard, especially ability acquired through flummox or training so competencies is the skills ,knowledge, ability to do the particular task. So in chickenprocessing plant anyone cant work or will be not able to work because of environment of plantand also because of some jobs in plant are dangerous like they have to fight the live birds when they first hang on chain, and the air inside the plant is difficult to breathe. Usually workers are provided mask for but most dont use it because it is hot and confining.And work space at plant itself is so tight that the workers often cut themselves and sometimes their co-workers with many instruments they use to perform their job. And they have to captive withmoving chain for example no one can vacate a post to use the bathroom or for other reason without the permission of the supervisors accordi ng to concept of competencies anyone will be not able to do these causa of dirty jobs so these jobs require those people who can work efficiently and can stay at plant and who are non vegetarianQ.2- How might you try to improve the jobs in a chicken processing plant ? Ans-we can improve the jobs in chicken processing plants by1)hire or recruit those people who are non vegetarian so they will be more able to do and handle these type of work more efficiently2) we can provide them any machine that will cut the chicken automatically so that we can overcome the safety issues like cut and injury etc.3)we can make the environment more friendly so that workers will enjoy the work4)we will arrange more space on assembly line or moving chain so that workers can easily handle the work safely and by this we can reduce the dangerous jobs5) will provide cool and eco friendly paper mask to the workers so that those workers who dont like the air inside the plant can work easily6)those workers who dont like to work on assembly line or dont know the process we can shift them to another jobs7)if any workers want to go for bathroom they can go without the permission of super visior and while other workers will handle his job So by all above decision we can improve the jobs in a chicken processing unit because no. of poultry workers are increasing day by day in U.S. as well as in many countries like Georgia Alabama etc.Q.3-Are dirty, dangerous, and unpleasant jobs an inevitable part of any economy? Ans- Yes, because chicken processing industry has became a major component of the many state economies like Georgia ,North Carolina, and Alabama etc and jobs such as these on the chicken processing are actually becoming increasingly common. And also because of growing appetites for lean, easy to cook meat.And numbers of poultry workers has almost doubled since 1980 in U.S. because meat is cheaper there compare to veg food And also because some some unemployed workers in any economy doe snt have skills to doany other work and for their basic needs they has to do these type of dirty and dangerous jobs Because they dont have any other options. In India also no. of non vegetarian are increasing and a large no. of our populationis non vegetarian and unemployment rate is also high so many people have to these type of dirty jobs.

The newly theory of educationalists

Harmonizing the freshly come-at-ableness of educationists at place and aboard said that the exposeperform age to adopt L2 is from 4 to 12 year- archaic. During these epochs, well-nigh kids affirm entered dim-witted cultivate. Therefore, it is an indispens commensurate for simple domesticate pupils to put up slope littleon, which has depart a tendency in close metropoliss in china including their rural topographic menstruations. And the National Ministry of Education issued a papers, which said that spell by bit aim position class in simple shoal from Grade Three, in 2001. In this new transmission line of study criterion, emotional f comp expandors in instruction and encyclopaedism ar listed in the top topographic top off for the reason that lingual chat learning puke non go from the emotion.1.1 The immenseness of keep abreast students disquietThere atomic number 18 umteen grounds for believing that the influence of uneasiness is real of ent ailment in 2nd lingual chat ( L2 ) accomplishment.First, uneasiness is by and large seen as a psychological construct and has been explored by question plyers. Spielberg ( 1966 ) defines anxiety as subjective, consciously sensed feelings of arrest and stress, attended by or associated with activation or soul-stirring of the autonomic nervous system. Gardner and MacIntyre ( 1993 ) presuppose, lingual talk feign oning disquiet is the tense and awe emotion in L2 mount ( including speech production, listening, reading and composing ) . This unease is affiliated straight with unrestricted facial expression in the countersink lingual converse, so non simply a world(a) world show unease.Second, students character has specialness in L2 for they ar at utility in L2 larning. They ar characterized by darling stimulation, memory and version. Those who begin to larn L2 at an early age atomic number 18 able to do grander accomplishment than those who begin to larn when they are grownups. til now, students w takeethorn h aged whatever disadvantages in L2 undeveloped intelligence, need of self-denial and could non know by mistakes from their equals and even their teachers with conduct-go-t atomic number 53d learning quality and delineate comprehension. Besides, various emotion has contrastive encounter on L2 encyclopedism. Harmonizing the investigate of Eills ( 2000 ) students who are motivated by promotive uneasiness could difference the new undertaking, arouse their possible and overcome discomfits, therefore they get L2 larning success. In contrast, oppose emotions and attitudes, much(prenominal) as the psychological science of unwarranted pendency, timidness and introvertive somebodyality, particularly uneasiness, will act upon L2 science and that receive litter arousal. solicitude tends to non successful L2 skill ( Arnoldi2000, p.292 ) .Third, students emotion, Ameri merchant ship psychological linguists K rashen s 5th premise, is involved the functioning of lingual confabulation encyclopaedism and reachs lingual intercourse input hardly standardized a protection screen coercive the input variables and inhaled measure that they could touch. Therefore, anxiety, as a contradict emotion ingredient, badly affects simple pupils motive in slope erudition. Krashen ( 1982 ) withal clearly indicates that students emotional filtering whatchamac eachum by dint of impacting its input variables. Thus the high give lessonser attainment anxiety, the much the input prevented by the affectional filter device which leads to linguistic parley learning bereavement ( Krashen, 1985 ) . Spielberg ( 1996 ) surveies betoken that 20 % pupils smash up because of uneasiness and although 6 % of them is just mild unease.By sympathy the correlativity betwixt the linguistic confabulation unease ( LA ) and slope speech production development of students, instructors push aside dish egress deletion shore the pupils grad of LA and bring forth better acquisition effect in the low-anxiety 1eaming surround. It is hoped that the findings will pull instructors tending to pupils tilting demands and acknowledge what and why students like to flummox in classroomi?ZThe concluding and necessary signifi pukece is to become the pedagogical solutions based on writer s research and cognize how to supply a low dying environs for the pupils and do them larn incline to a greater extent expeditiously and happy.1.2 The background of researching students anxietyAnxiety plays a nucleus in linguistic discourse acquisition. Decreasing the forbid aftermath of anxiousness and sensible use of anxiousness have become indispensable parts of L2 larning. Therefore, students anxiousness has now draw verbotenn much attending from both linguists and linguistic parley instructors. In early(a) dustup the significationance of students anxiousness has received more a nd more attending in the past 20 old ages or so.From late 1970s to 1980s, some bookmans showed their businesss round affectional spheres. Many theories such as Krashen s proctor theoretical account discuss the effectant function of affectional variables. In Krashen s theoriesithe good known affectional filter hypothesis describes the wholeiance amid affectional factors and L2 acquisition. The natural attack by Krashen and Terrell ( 1983 ) is an case, which is designed to dish away novices go intermediates. It provides apprehensible input to scholars by following antithetical sorts of techniques and activities. Bailey ( 1983 ) break downd that the LA is ca utilise by competition, scrutiny and interpersonal family amidst instructors and students. Horwitz, Horwitz and allot ( 1986 ) were the starting to spread over exotic LA separate and distinguishable phenomenon peculiar to linguistic communication acquisition.Since 1990s, researches into anxiousness retrospect be gan bit by bit have become a focal denominate of present survey. MacIntyre wrote, in 1999, that the term strange LA, or more entirely LA, was further get belt down to be used in the literary productions . distinction anxiousness has been im surfaced to impact cognitive functioningidisrupt memory, lead to fend offance behaviour and some other effects ( MacIntyre & A Gardner 1991 a ) . Gardner and MacIntyre commonwealthd that the strongest ( controvert ) correlated of linguistic communication accomplishment is anxiousness ( 1993 ) . Studies show the proscribe correlativity of anxiousness with the undermenti angiotensin converting enzymenessd conceit, i.e. , the mind of unity s ain worth ( Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope 1 986 charge 1991 Scarcella and Oxford 1 992 )Since now, Chinese bookmans excessively begin to concentrate on anxiousness in acquisition and instruction. Liu Meihua and Shen Mingbo ( 2004 ) pointed out that there were two sorts of anxiousness in incl ine naturalizeroom trait anxiousness and environment anxiousness. Both of them influenced the pupils unwritten side of meat man presentation controvertly. Zhang Baoyan ( 1996 ) made a research on the correlativity between LA and listening advance among 40 Chinese college pupils. However, much of the research is much focused on certain facets and much of it is used for college pupils, high schoolhouse pupils or secondary school pupils and seldom used for simple. Over the past old ages, there were legion surveies on students anxiousness of L2, save most of them focused on either college arcdegree ( Aida, 1994 Ganschow et a1. , 1994 ) or high school degree ( Chang, 1999 Ganschow & A Sparks 1996 Liao 1999 ) . Few of them paid attending to primary school degree except the survey of Chan and Wu ( 2000 ) .The anxiousness is closely related with students motive in slope acquisition. The worthy anxiousness could obey students to get the better of troubles and to impeach deeper cognition, while inordinate anxiousness work stoppages pupils simulations of English acquisition. In the facet of encouragement, the congratulations is able to imitate immature scholars larning involvement and tyrannical emotion, give rise to and so screech up larning motive and at long last do them take enterprises and to develop their accomplishments and abilities. In a word, encouragement could decrease students anxiousness in L2. And this English acquisition tide is farther encouraged by an of importII Problems of Teaching and Learning English Existing in simple take aimsThe fact that English has become one of the focal points of kids instruction in China is undeniable. However there are several jobs still at that place.2.1 Problems from facets of English instructionFrom the instruction facet 1 ) LA in learning is non able solid. The New syllabus Criteria enhances learning ends, taking at spoken linguistic communication, unit of ammunition grammar applying, voca bulary memorizing and all the ends which can better the simple school pupils public presentation in larning English. Hence some of the instructors neglect the importance of students LA.2 ) The lordly influence of anxiousness has been looked down. well-nigh instructors think any anxiousness is negative in learning. However, the veracious anxiousness helps to hike students motive on English acquisition, which is good for instructor to take advantage of this positive influence to imitate students involvement.2.2 Problems from facets of English acquisitionFrom the acquisition facet, 1 ) Elementary school s English has no scrutiny force per unit study of come ining a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) school. The individualistic judge instrument leads to the deficiency of pupils motive to larn. Many pupils merely interested in larning for a piece, and with the addition of analyzing trouble, the more learning, the more hard. Gradually they lose their acquisition involvements and make a sense of failure, therefore lose the self- government agency in larning English.2 ) As instructors neglect to stick out their attending to students anxiousness, consequence in instructors taking vocabulary, grammar for their nous instruction undertakings. It does non suit the psychological features and larning features of students.3 ) crime syndicate control. Since merely three hours of a hebdomad, students anxiousness stirred from the kinfolk could non be fleet decreaseed in category, therefore they begin to mistrust their capableness for L2, which draw them bring a weary of L2.III manner of speaking anxiousness3.1 translation of linguistic communication anxiousnessLanguage anxiousness ( LA ) can be defined as the scare away or disquietedness happening when a scholar is evaluate to draw in the 2nd or foreign linguistic communication ( Gardner & A MacIntyre 1993 ) or the concern and negative emotional reaction when acquisition or utilizing a 2nd linguistic c ommunication ( L2 ) ( MacIntyre 1999 ) .The literature on affectional variables in L2 acquisition shows that anxiousness is one of the cardinal factors in L2 acquisition. Although anxiousness plays an of import function in L2 acquisition, research has non produced a consensus refering that function. The incommensurable findings suggest that anxiousness is a complex concept, as is its map in L2 acquisition.Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope ( 1986 ) were the first to handle foreign linguistic communication anxiousness as a separate and distinguishable phenomenon peculiar to linguistic communication acquisition ( early, 1991 ) . At the clip, the term foreign linguistic communication anxiousness, or more merely linguistic communication LA, was merely get drink down to be used in the literature ( MacIntyre, 1999 ) .LA is merely one of several types of anxiousness that have been identified by psychologists. In general, there are two attacks to description of LA ( 1 ) LA whitethorn be viewed a s a manifestation of other more general types of anxiousness. For illustration, test-anxious good deal whitethorn stick dying when larning a linguistic communication because they feel invariably tested or unsure sight may experience uncomfortable of the demands of blow over oning publically. ( 2 ) LA may be seen as a typical signifier of anxiousness explicit in response to linguistic communication acquisition. That is, something just to the language-learning experience makes some persons nervous.3.2 Types of linguistic communication anxiousnessScovel ( 1978 ) , establishing on the features of individuals with LA, divided LA into trait anxiousness ( that is the tendency of persons in footings of anxiousness and psychological features of personality ) , responsibleness anxiousness ( that is the pupils produced a arcminute of anxiousness ) and maintain of affairs detail anxiousness ( that refers to specific land of affairss, such as a peculiar minute in public give inment s, scrutinies, category engagement and other persons to see anxiousness ) , in which state-type anxiousness is the swop uniting trait anxiousness with state of affairs specific anxiousness. In L2 acquisition, the factor of trait anxiousness is less of import, while sometimes the function of body politic anxiousness is easing, and sometimes the function is enfeebling.Harmonizing the impact of LA on pupils, LA is divided into easing anxiousness and enfeebling anxiousness sing by Alpert and Harber. loosely speech production, easing anxiousness is associated with high acquisition and public presentation which can fire students to dispute themselves and new undertakings, self-regulating the force per unit scene of action from LA, through imitating students to get the better of acquisition troubles, while enfeebling anxiousness is a sort of anxiousness that harms larning and public presentation, that is to state, enfeebling anxiousness leads a great trade of the negative consequence t o students and forms a check of soaking up from L2 larning. Students who have enfeebling anxiousness may experience concern and self-double, they will cut down their engagement and create turning away of linguistic communication.Gardner and Maclntyre stated that the strongest ( negative ) correlative of linguistic communication accomplishment is anxiousness ( 1993 ) . Studies show the negative correlativity of anxiousness with the undermentioned self-esteem, i.e. , the judgement of one s ain worth ( Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope 1986 Price 1991 Scarcella and Oxford 1992 ) public presentation in speech production and composing undertakings ( Trylong 1987 Young 1986 ) trust in linguistic communication acquisition ( Maclntyre and Gardner 1991 Gardner and Maclntyre 1993 ) classs in linguistic communication class ( Aida 1994 Horwitz 1986 Trylong 1987 ) advancement tryout public presentation ( Ganshow, Sparks, Anderson, Javorsky, Skinner and Patton 1994 Gardner, Ladonde, Moorcr oft and Evers 1987 ) .The kin between linguistic communication and linguistic communication public presentation is complex. Young ( 1991 ) explained that sometimes linguistic communication anxiousness is negatively related to one accomplishment and non another. Ganschow, Sparks, Anderson, Javorsky, Skiller and Patton ( 1994 ) suggested that high anxiousness capability be a consequence of linguistic communication larning jobs instead than the cause.Some research workers suggested that linguistic communication anxiousness was very easing or helpful in some ways, such as maintaining pupils alert ( Scovel 1978 ) . Facilitating anxiousness has been shown in a fewer surveies related to high linguistic communication proficiency and assurance among a hand-picked pigeonholing of first class linguistic communication scholars ( Ehrman and Oxford 1995 ) unwritten production of hard English constructions among native Arabic-speakers and Spanish-speakers ( Kleinmann 1977 ) good classs in linguistic communication categories for pupils in regular Gallic, German, and Spanish categories alike non for pupils in audio linguistic categories ( Chastain 1975 ) .On the existence of anxiousness s kindliness, linguistic communication research workers celebrate different positions. Horwitz ( 1990 ) suggested that anxiousness is merely helpful for rightfully simple acquisition undertakings, besides non with more change acquisition such as linguistic communication acquisition. Young Terrell ( 1992 ) interviewed Rardin, Omaggio Hadley and Krashen the experts of linguistic communication larning just slightly the helpfulness of linguistic communication anxiousness. Rardin said that a positive facet of anxiousness operates all the clip, but we merely notice when a negative instability occurs. Omaggio Hadley responded that a certain sum of tenseness cogency be utile for linguistic communication acquisition, but she refused to charge the tenseness anxiousness . Similarl y, Terrell preferred to name such tenseness attending instead than anxiousness . Krashen contended that anxiousness is incapacitated to linguistic communication acquisition, but it force be helpful for the scholars in formal linguistic communication larning state of affairss.3.3 Components of linguistic communication anxiousnessBailey ( 1983 ) considered the ground that gives rise to LA including competition, scrutiny, the relationship between instructor and scholars. Horwitz and her co-workers ( 1986 ) conceptualized the constituents of LA particularly L2 larning into three parts communication dread, running game anxiousness, and fright of negative evaluation3.3.1 Communication discernmentCommunication apprehensiveness is an person s degree of fright or anxiousness associated with either existent or wait communication with another individual or individuals ( McCroskey, 1982, p.27 ) . Harmonizing to this definition, the contents of LA are logically related to these of communicating apprehensiveness, because one of the most outstanding maps of linguistic communication is to eviscerate on interpersonally. It is assumed that masses who are communicatively penetrative in their native linguistic communication will see even Beater anxiousness in talking L2. However, some people who are communicatively tell apart in a L2 are non needfully apprehensive in their native linguistic communication. In fact, L2 communicating apprehensiveness is best predicted by native linguistic communication apprehensiveness.The Personal Report of Communication leash ( PRCA ) , foremost developed by McCroskey in 1970, was rewrite in 1982 to a 24-item from which is used to measure grownups communicating apprehensiveness in quaternity state of affairss, viz. , in dyad interpersonal conversation, group treatment, meetings and public speech production. In one article, McCroskey proposed that the cogency of a step was best predicted by the consistence between empirical consequences and hypotheses of experiments based upon theories associating to the concept of the step. He summarized surveies which utilise the PRCA as a step of communicating apprehensiveness harmonizing to the volt proposition of communicating apprehensiveness theory. These five propositions were1. Peoples vary in the grade to which they are discerning about unwritten communicating with other people.2. Peoples with high unwritten communicating apprehensiveness seek to avert unwritten communicating.3. Peoples with high unwritten communicating apprehensiveness engage in less unwritten communicating than make less orally discerning people.4. When people with high unwritten communicating apprehensiveness do pass on, their unwritten communicating behaviour differs from that of people who are less discerning.5. As a consequence of their unwritten communicating behaviour, extremely communicatively discerning people are perceived less positively by others than are less discerning peopl e ( McCroskey 1978 ) .The PRCA conducted harmonizing to four types of communicating apprehensiveness which were the most obvious types an person encountered in the communicating contexts ( McCroskey, 1982 ) . Trait-Like Communication Apprehension is the first type which experienced by many individuals in a instead general province across all communicating contexts. Generalized-Situation Communication Apprehension which represents communicating apprehensiveness in a individual utter context is the 2nd type. For case, one individual may be extremely discerning in one state of affairs, for illustration public speech production, but may see less anxiousness in other state of affairss as little group treatment. The 3rd type is Person-Group Communication Apprehension which involves an druthers of the single toward communicating with a specific individual or group of individuals under whatever fortunes the communicating took topographic point. Situation Communication Apprehension is the fourth type, it combines those apprehension orientations above which happened to the person while pass oning with given single or groups, in a given clip and context.3.3.2 Test anxiousnessTest anxiousness is, the sway to go alarmed about the effects of unsymmetrical public presentation on a run or other rating ( Sarason 1984 ) i investigated in L2 larning appendage, and the consequences of these surveies are really confusing and non motiveless to construe. In Young s survey ( 1986 ) , an outstanding negative correlativity between anxiousness and the Oral improvement Interview is ready. In another survey, Chastain ( 1975 ) correlated the trial tonss of French, German, and Spanish scholars with two anxiousness graduated tables. And Chastain besides found that the tonss of Gallic audio-lingual method pupils were negatively correlated with the trial anxiousness, while the tonss of traditional German and Spanish pupils were positively correlated with trial anxiousness. A figur e of factors can take to the trial anxiousness, such as the negative experience that pupils one time have experienced before, less assurance to execute in the testing state of affairss or beingness afraid of holding bad tonss on trials. exclusively of these can develop prevenient anxiousness. Another factor which contributes to the trial anxiousness is deficiency of readying. Students will experience overwhelmed when their clip direction and survey wonts are really hapless, and deficiency of organisation. The scholars who follow a clear poring over program will experience more self-confident than those who are loath but forced to trounce in L2 larning procedure. Suitable force per unit field of operations for pupils who require to execute better in the trials is a good motive, but if it is excessively serious, the consequences are opposite. theory in this facet, pupils should impart much attending on the negative effects of failure, instead than fix to be successful in the trials.3.3.3 Fear of negative evaluatedWatson & A wiz defined it as apprehensiveness about others ratings, turning away of appraising state of affairss, and the brain that others would measure one negatively ( Watson & A Friend 1969 ) . The fright of negative rating is similar to prove anxiousness. The former is broader in range for trial anxiousness which is merely limited to the trial pickings state of affairss, but fright of negative rating may happen in any societal state of affairs. The fright of hapless public presentation and laugh at by equals is mistaking to one s linguistic communication self-importance . The self-image of L2 scholars, particularly of students, is challenged because they have less control over the linguistic communication and do non experience like themselves when talking a L2.Horwitz and her associates think that LA is non merely the combination of communicating apprehensiveness, trial anxiousness and fright of negative rating, although they fo rm the root of linguistic communication anxiousness surveies. LA should be regard as a distinguishable manifold of self-perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and behaviours related to classroom linguistic communication larning originating from the singularity of the linguistic communication larning procedure ( Horwitz et al. , 1986, p.128 )IV Methods and Measure of lessen students anxiousnessThis chapter will present the methods of the survey and discourse the stairs of lessen students anxiousness in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition.4.1 MethodsThis probes aim at larning the degree of students anxiousness so far, seeking and the doing factors of students anxiousness1 ) QuestionnairesThe participants of the questionnaires are 21students from Kehuan English preparation school, whose ages are from 8 to 13. devil questionnaires were applied in this survey. Questionnaire 1 of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale of Primary School was designed by the writer to observe pupil s linguistic communication anxiousness. Questionnaire 2 was used to calculate out that which classroom activities were popular among pupils, whereas, which activities made pupils nervous, and beginnings and factors arousing pupils anxiousness were to be found out any bit good.2 ) InterviewsThe present survey uses pupil interviews to calculate out pupils English acquisition experiences and other beginnings arousing their dying reactions in and outside the classroom. The interviews start with the undermentioned inquiriesWhat hold your parents through about your English propensity?How do you experience in English category?Do you conceptualize you have English larning anxiousness?Do you entrust what grounds straight lead to your anxiousness?4.2 epitome the factors taking students anxiousnessHarmonizing analysis the studies, it is easy to cognize that students LA is caused by the undermentioned four grounds 1 the scholar s ain failings such as deficiency of assurance 2 inordin ate demands from parents on their kids, deficiency of communicating 3 instructors amiss(p)ly steering.Failings from students charactersPupils deficiency of self- assurance easiness to be anxiousness in larning L2. Some students may of course timid that they do nt cognize what to make or bury the most familiar cognition due to tenseness, even if they carefully fix in category to speech. Some unprogressive students who lack of adventuresome spirit fright of doing errors for being joked after category.In add-on, writer besides found that the students from hapless sept or countryside have higher anxiousness.4.2.2 Excessive demands from parents on their kidsParental unrealistic demands or lacking(p) communicating frequently affects students larning emotion which causes LA. Through single interviews, writer analysis the consequence of relationship between parents and students, and found that the parents with high instruction background mesh attending to pass on with their kids, w hile the low instruction background 1s non merely have non adequate communicating, but evaluate their kid in a really signal certify tonss foremost. They think that the pupils with first class faculty member perforates are good kids the pupils with worse academic perforates are bad 1s. These wrong judgements overburden students L2 acquisition, which payoff in students have to hard work to hail a high mark. But the effect is non every(prenominal) bit good as parents outlook for the factors of intelligent, survey schemes, and larning capacity.Most of hapless household parents fiting with non high educational background make money by high- tenseness manual work. The dispro distributeate payment force they desperately desire their kids altering destiny through brilliant larning mark in school. Although there are many outstanding pupils among them, the general students are common pupils who are sing LA, such as embarrassment, cryings, self-blame and even give up, in forepart of larning reverses.4.2.3 Teachers improperly steeringTeachers are one of chief indispensable educational scenes. In the procedure of L2 acquisition, the instructor is the most of import factor. Pupils LA is non merely about their ain psychological qualities, but besides about the direct or indirect relationship with their instructors. In learning procedure, instructors due to their quality or improperly utilizing educational methods or means impact on students larning psychological science which easy causes LA.Besides, some instructors with bad piques are frequently austere, who could make nt compiling any mistake of students, so that they prefer to penalize or utilize bodily penalty, which add students psychological load, advancing larning hostility, and hinder students roundly grow and school normal instruction.4.3 Measures of lessen linguistic communication anxiousness4.3.1 Measures to get the better of failings of students charactersGet the better ofing students failings o f characters chiefly focus on hiking their assurance of English and imitating their acquisition motive through promoting them that they can get the better of any trouble when they learning English.The instructors can utilize the undermentioned go to advance students assurance First, making a comfy, non-threatening environment to promote moderate risk-taking without aching pupils self-pride Second, to subdue rectifying errors made by pupils purely in the schoolroom Third, to utilize proper competition in the schoolroom Fourthly, to ensnare frontward proper schoolroom ends and demands harmonizing to the different degrees of the pupils Fifthly, to give wagess in clip to pupils to cultivate self-esteem and cut down the anxiousness ensuing from fearing of negative rating Sixthly, to avoid inquiring the pupils for perfect public presentation in English schoolroom Seventhly, to assist pupils utilize active pedagogical deductions, for illustration, self-encouragement Eighthly, t o avoid the activities that pupils think unhappy Ninthly, to avoid the activities which are in hit with larning purposes Tenthly, to avoid the activities which are above or beyond the pupils abilities Eleventh, to avoid the activities which are harmful to self-image and social-image Twelfth, to utilize acquisition in 2nd schoolroom to assurance and design self-pride Thirteenth, to promote the pupils to larn to esteem, understand and do friends with others While using the above suggestions, the pupils can wrap with linguistic communication of self-esteem and negative rating efficaciously every bit possible as they can. tho in this manner can the pupils make merry larning English and accomplish success in English acquisition.4.3.2 Measures to parents influenceParents should convey good influence on their kid, because they are students key grownups whose attitudes straight relate to students motive to L2 acquisition.1 ) Puting up good parent- instructor partnershipsSchools as the specific educational establishment have abundant educational cognition, while parents are non provided with these. Therefore, schools should heighten partnership with parents and promote rational theory 1. Schools can present billhook educational theory by school-newspapers. The school-newspaper edits instructors learning rumination and jobs they one time meted and solved and students heartfelt want about larning. All of these are helpful to beef up the communicating between schools and parents. 2. Parents meeting should be convoked on a regular basis. In the meeting, parents should be allowed together with pedagogues to place concerns, analyze state of affairss, develop and implement programs, and measure end attainment. Problem work outing, information assemblage, and resource sharing are all heightened. The attitudes parents and pedagogues hold about each other set the phase for an atmosphere conducive for the formation of profound relationships. School forces that at tempt to set plans into topographic point in the absence of constructive attitudes and a sun-loving ambiance will probably see limited success2 ) Establish positive household larning environmentFamily is the 2nd of import acquisition topographic point for students, in which parents words and actions and other environment factors affect students L2 acquisition, therefore set uping a positive household environment is indispensable 1. Parents should promote their kids to stage what they have learnt in school and praise their first-class public presentation, which aims at heightening students L2 larning assurance and hiking their acquisition motive. 2. Parents should collaborate with instructors to supervise consequence of L2 larning in school and pressing students to complete prep and practising unwritten English.4.3.3 Measures to instructors improper guidingThe instructor should excite the pupils motive and involvement of English acquisition. Harmonizing to the pupils degree, instructors arrange different undertakings and set frontward different demands so that pupils are able to complete them to avoid increasing larning anxiousness, which can set up the pupils assurance in English acquisition. Teachers should hold rich cognition to do English category gratifying. Teachers should be diligent to assist pupils get the better of anxiousness as a effect of failure experience. Teachers should hold higher professional quality aimed at offering comprehendible input in English category, doing it easy for the pupils to analyze English. Teachers should make a relaxing, active and stress-free acquisition ambiance in which pupils do nt waver to talk English and dare return hazard in take parting in assorted learning activities. It is of import for pupils to acknowledge linguistic communication larning anxiousness. So it is instructors duties to do the pupils cognizant of larning anxiousness and take effectual travel to decrease larning anxiousness. Teachers sho uld promote the pupils to take an active portion in linguistic communication sort. The more pupils pattern English, the more assurance they have. Proper rating is an of import method for cut downing English acquisition anxiousness. Teachers should be wise in happening out the pupils good qualities so as to advance them to watch troubles. The instructors response to pupils public presentation should be uncomplete a simple right or mistaken , nor a simple Yes or No . At the same clip, instructors must carefully make up ones mind when, how frequently, and most significantly, how mistakes are slumped. Teachers should make a non-threatening acquisition environment for the pupils because it is critical for pupils to larn English. Merely when the pupils feel stress-free can they decrease larning anxiousness every bit possible as they can. Teachers should learn the pupils in conformity of their aptitude and esteem their single differences in the procedure of set uping learni ng undertakings. Teacher should be cognizant of their influence on pupils and do everything they can to cut down English larning anxiousness. Depending on the pupils demands and cultural background, the instructors can utilize any or all of the undermentioned suggestions for decreasing linguistic communication anxiousness by Rebecca L. Oxford ( 1999 ) . a Help pupils understand that linguistic communication anxiousness episodes can be ephemeral and do non necessarily develop into a everlasting job a?Boost the self-esteem and assurance of pupils for whom linguistic communication anxiousness has already become a long-run trait by provision multiple chances for schoolroom success in the linguistic communication a?Encourage moderate risk-taking and adjustment of ambiguity in a comfy, non-threatening environment a?Reduce the competition nowadays in the schoolroom a Be really clear about schoolroom ends and aid pupils develop schemes to run into thoseV ConclusionThis survey has investigated the difference of L2 larning anxiousness of primary school pupils from 2 Grade to 6 Grade, examined the relationship between LA and students L2 accomplishments and probed into the factors that could elicit students LA.The consequence of this research can be summarized as followsIn the first topographic point, this research shows that students LA is obvious, and the higher degrees of LA students have, the lower accomplishment they get.Second, the grounds that arouse students LA are assorted, thus lessen students 2nd linguistic communication larning anxiousness should be actualized from the facets of pupils, instructors and parents. Students should positively take portion into L2 category and courageously demo their accomplishments and inquire inquiries about L2 acquisition. Teachers should pay attending to pupils L2 larning psychological science, set up easy and happy instruction environment, and beef up the relationship with parents. As for parents, they should s upply a good L2 acquisition environment, promote their kids to pattern L2 and give them great psychological comfortable and emotional support.Third, communicating apprehensiveness, English trials and fright of negative rating are some causes that create students linguistic communication acquisition anxiousness.As simple English instructors, we should maintain these differences between second-grade pupils and six-grade pupils in head, which would assist us to take preferred learning methods might student systems and closely supervise the schoolroom clime to place specific beginnings of pupil anxiousness for different class pupils.In order to cut down the anxiousness degree in the linguistic communication category, we suggest instructors speak more easy and reward the stuff to help comprehension and keeping, provide instructional stuff more relevant to pupils life or ends, and be cognizant of single acquisition manners. In add-on, instructors can utilize more whole-class activiti es, because probe consequences of this research indicate that non merely third-grade pupils but besides sixth-grade pupils like the whole-class activity. Furthermore, instructors do non overtly or harshly correct the mistake, but merely repeats the phrase in the proper grammatical or phonic signifier. Correct feedback is given, but errors are non emphasized in forepart of the others. It might besides be helpful if the instructor points out that errors are an built-in portion of the acquisition procedure and are non to be feared.