The Trials And Triumphs Of Twelve Gifted Inner City Students

And Still We Rise: The Trials and Triumphs of Twelve Gifted Inner-City Students Developmental Tasks Adolescents face many developmental tasks: physically, cognitively, socially and emotionally. For example, puberty happens, intellectual interests expand, moral thinking happens, sense of identity is initiated, independence is worked towards, there is conflict with adults, and peer influence becomes an issue—to say the least. This particular read focuses on twelve west coast inner city students and the developmental and environmental tasks that impact their education. Professionals often use the word resilience, or suggest that students become resilient, without putting much thought into the difficulties that students must recover from.†¦show more content†¦Inner city students need just as much positive input as they get negative input, because they are sometimes forced to indulge in negative activities to maintain internal stability. The gifted program in this novel depicts how a support system can assist less fortunate youth in overcoming adversi ty. Sadi Sadi was a phenomenal character in the novel. This young male struggled with his own identity, with his morals, with peer relations, along with a sick mother and other high expressed emotional levels related to his family. Sadi was once a gang member, watching as his friends were either arrested or murdered: he overcame that. Sadi did not know where he fit in after disengaging with his former gang members. Sadi stripped himself of the gifted program once, however was able to prove himself worthy of coming back to school, remain focus, and accomplish his goals. Sadi’s father interfered with a great academic opportunity, and returned to the streets as a result of his drug addiction. This student experienced many trials within himself, along with within his family. Macro Forces. Sadi lived in a community where poverty, drugs and gang violence were the norm. He could not walk out of his home without seeing his ally of gang members, and seemed like he couldn’t go a day with out running into rival gang members. It did not take a lot for him to be influenced by this

The Importance Of Office Comfortable For Clients - 1484 Words

A. Engagement Process Before meeting with a new client, I believe that the office should be made to be feel comfortable for the client. To make the office comfortable for clients, I would try to have a nice atmosphere when clients walk in with relaxing music. Once in the office, I allow the client to decide where they want to sit so they feel that they have some control of the situation. If it’s an option, I would have a couple different options for seating in my office for this reason. I would also make sure that there is not anything too distracting, and have a white noise machine to block out outside noise. During the engagement process, it is important to establish rapport. In establishing rapport, I tell Pat that he is in†¦show more content†¦During the initial sessions, I think it is important to learn why the client is there from the client’s perspective. I use a not-knowing approach to learn more about why Pat is there from his perspective and what his goals are. Thi s would allow for me to learn about the client’s wants, goals, strengths, and successes from their perspective (De Jong Berg, 2001). Once I know what his goals are, I can partner with him to figure out a plan and interventions to achieve his goal or ways to modify them. Learning what he considers the goal of seeing a social worker allows me to know what skills we could work on building or improving. It is important to learn what the client wants to accomplish and how they plan to do so. Letting Pat tell me about himself also allows for me to see what his strengths are without me guiding him too much. This may also allow for the client to realize his own strengths and feel more empowered. Doing this would allow me to learn what stage of change Pat is in. It is important to know what stage of change a client is in so I do not push them too much on certain issues before they are aware and ready to deal with these issues. I also provide Pat with affirmation, reassurance, and reliability to make him feel more secure in the social worker/client relationship. B. Biopsychosocial Assessment. Presenting Problem Pat was initially admitted to an inpatient treatment facilityShow MoreRelatedEffective Listening Strategies Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation with helping clients improve the quality of his or her life. When a client knows that the interviewer is listening he or she will feel respected and appreciated. The article shows the importance of listening in order to get the client to respond to us positively and on a deeper level. The article states there are different ways of listening. 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As Stephanie revealed her frustrations and struggles about working with non-productive co-workers, Mary nodded in agreement, validated, and also restated, in a calming voice, what Stephanie said. Because Stephanie felt heard and understood by Mary, Stephanie felt comfortable expressing and exploring her feelings and wishes in the positive environmentRead MoreDimensions Of Soc ial Class And Social Justice1434 Words   |  6 PagesSection Review 5: Dimensions of Social Class A.) Summary and Reaction The fifth section is about the importance of social class and social justice in our society. Social class is one of the â€Å"isms† that people do not really think about even though people judge you based on this all the time in our society. The term social justice is used to help make things fair in our society. This term helps to advocate for the distribution of wealth or opportunities more equally in our society. In this sectionRead MoreBusiness Problem Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesI am telling us about problem definition. The company expands their business. They launch their fifteen new branches with regional offices in Germany. I have selected some important points are given below: ï  ¶ Develop a website- The Company has no website. So, develop a new website for 15 new branches with regional offices. It’s also necessary for the company. Clients and customers visit the website and choices products order to buy can’t possible if not available a website. Develop a website needRead MoreEssay on Counselling Interview Skills Ass. 11235 Words   |  5 Pagescounselling session it is of vital importance that all participants, usually one sender and one receiver (of a message) are attuned to the primary reason for coming together and willing to explore the relationship openly | | Rules:Society has set down rules for all aspects of our lives, our behaviour, and our interactions. This is especially important in the communication process of a counselling session. Knowing what is appropriate, what needs to be amended to suit each client interaction is necessary

The Effects of Hansen’s Erp Technology Changes on Both...

TRIDENT UNIVERSITY MODULE 1 CASE ASSIGNMENT ITM436 Operations Mgmt and Operations Systems 17 June 2012 In this paper I will attempt to discuss the ERP technology changes made by Hansen to both production and non-production functions of their business. I will also discuss how production and non-production effects are related to each other. The Hansen Company was created in the 1950’s by Bert and Dawn Hansen who were building their home and created reliable toilet valve in the process. They began manufacturing the valves in their garage and shipping them around the country by railway. Since then they have grown in to the leading manufacturer of polythene pipe fittings, threaded pipe fittings and high flow foot and check valves. Today†¦show more content†¦Axapta provided a good fit for the company’s requirements, particularly production scheduling. â€Å"Microsoft Dynamics AX was originally developed as collaboration between IBM and Damgaard as IBM Axapta and was then ultimately acquired by the Microsoft Corporation.† [ (Wikipedia, 2012) ] The dedicated project team comprised of Carl Hansen, managing director, Hanham, Vaughan Woodgate from Network Management (Hansen’s outsourced IT infrastructure partner) and Cox worked for six months to implement the company’s new system. They introduced the changes in two phases, first by over hauling the financials and inventory and then the manufacturing portion of the business. These changes on both production and non-production functions of the business had a great impact on Hansen. Axapta has produced considerable efficiencies within Hansen’s production processes, delivering streamlined production planning and scheduling. It also made it possible for the expansion into the Canadian market by allowing them to forecast the company needs to successfully manage continued growth. The ERP software enabled Hansen to provide more accurate information to customers about their order which resulted in a boost in customer service and satisfaction. One example is that w hen a customer places an order the system sends them an e-mail confirming the purchase and additional e-mails when it is shipped, who will deliver it and when exactly it will arrive. ItShow MoreRelatedCase Overview of ERP Implementation at Hansen Products733 Words   |  3 PagesProduction Scheduling and Control The effects of Hansens ERP technology changes on both production and non-production functions of the business, and how the production and non-production effects are related to each other Case Overview Hansen Products is a leading manufacturer of polythene pipe fittings, threaded pipe fittings and high flow foot and check valves; with more than 500 finished products under the Hansen brand, the company has a strong export focus, with established exclusiveRead MoreProduction Scheduling and Control: The Effects of Hansens ERP Technology751 Words   |  3 PagesProduction Scheduling and Control The effects of Hansens ERP technology changes on both production and non-production functions of the business, and how the production and non-production effects are related to each other Case Overview Hansen Products is a leading manufacturer of polythene pipe fittings, threaded pipe fittings and high flow foot and check valves; with more than 500 finished products under the Hansen brand, the company has a strong export focus, with established exclusive

William Blake s Innocence And Experience Analysis Essay

Isha Fidai Amber Drown English 2323 14 September 2016 William Blake s Innocence and Experience Analysis The Romantic Era was a movement in literature that began in the late seventeenth century throughout the eighteenth century that was mainly influenced by the natural world and idealism. Romanticism was predominantly focused on emotion and freedom emphasizing individualism. Formed as an uprising against neoclassicism, romanticism was more abstract, focusing on feelings and imaginations, instead of relying on logic and rules. The romanticism writers wanted freedom and were in complete awe of the nature around them. Poets such as William Blake adopted themes such as nature, often writing poetry about freedom and hope. Growing up, William Blake did not attend school, but instead was educated by his mother. William Blake s interest in engraving copies of drawings lead to the gothic styles of poetry he used to sketch tombs at Westminster, Abbey. At the age of 10, Blake was enrolled in Henry Pars’s drawing school where he began to admire the works on many artists such as Raphael and Michelangelo. Looking at the the artists works, at the age of 12, Blake started to explore his own artistic style with poetry. William Blake s wife supported his style of writing and helped him become a better poet. Their relationship was mutualistic because Blake had taught his wife how to read and write. In addition, Blake believed in universal conformity, which is a belief of everyoneShow MoreRelatedEssay on the Chimney Sweeper958 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 102-B12 LUO Spring 2014 Joseph P Garland Jr L23810423 MLA A literary analysis of â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper.† Social Injustice was rampant among chimney sweeps in 18th and 19th Century England... In the poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† from â€Å"Songs of Innocence† This paper will evaluate and show the story and writing style dealing with social injustice. 1. Introduction a. The Chimney Sweeper 2. The Location and Era a. 18th and 19th Century England 3. Point of View a. TomRead MoreThe Tyger By William Blake Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tyger is a six-stanza poem written by an American poet, William Blake. This poem has many interpretation, in a way you could say it is a biblical as well as a symbolic poem, as ‘The Tyger’ is actually the contrast to one of Blake s other poem, The Lamb, both poems are from the book of â€Å"Songs of Innocence and Experience†. If you are familiar with the Christian Bible, it states â€Å"Jesus is the Lamb of God.† The Tyger is comprised of unanswered questions as to who could have created a terrifyingRead MoreAN ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKES SONGS2960 Words   |  12 PagesAN ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKE’S SONGS OF INNOCENCE AND OF EXPERIENCE AS A RESPONSE TO THE COLLAPSE OF VALUES TIMOTHY VINESâˆâ€" Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience are a much studied part of the English canon, and for good reason. Blake’s work depicts a quandary that continues to haunt humanity today: the struggle of high-order humanity against the ‘real’ rationality and morals of institutionalised society. This essay seeks to explore both Blake’s literary reaction to the Enlightenment and theRead MoreWilliam Blake And The Divine Image Essay2209 Words   |  9 PagesWilliam Blake, a transitional figure in British literature, was the first romantic poet to focus on content instead of form. Blake is one of the great mystics of the world, like Henry More and Wordsworth; he lived in a world of glory, of spirit and of vision, which, for him, was the only real world. His devotion to God expresses through his lyrical poetry collection Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. 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Knowing from experience, it is difficult to not let the darkness consume you during times of suffering and depression, and it is almost impossible to not feel alone. While this poem recognizes those feelings, it also br ings hope to the reader. No, suffering does not haveRead MoreEvil Embers Essay1953 Words   |  8 Pagesdefine them. In the poem â€Å"The Tyger† by William Blake, he makes an attempt to illustrate his feelings on evil and all that it represents. There is no definite answer given, yet a picture is painted to show us his thoughts and ponderings. His foresight and enlightened point of view only serve to further strengthen the knowledge of the reader on the mystical forces we have simply dubbed good and evil. It is extremely important to understand our author William Blake (1757-1827), to form a base or foundationRead MoreWilliam Blake s Illuminated Manuscripts1913 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Blake’s illuminated manuscripts were published in multiple editions; all of the editions were etched differently than its predecessor. In these illustrations, one finds meaning and value; an inextricable link between these artistic expressions and the text that Blake wrote exists. These works should not be viewed separately, but rather viewed together, as one single entity. While the text, at times, proves itself to be unstable and potentially confusing for readers, the etchings serve asRead MoreCritical Analysis of William Blakes Poem The Tiger1378 Words   |  6 PagesÐ ¨Ã £ÃÅ"ЕÐ Ã ¡ÃÅ¡ÃËœ Ð £Ã ÃËœÃâ€™Ãâ€¢Ã  Ã ¡ÃËœÃ ¢Ãâ€¢Ã ¢ â€Å"ЕПИÐ ¡ÃÅ¡ÃÅ¾ÃÅ¸ КОÐ Ã ¡Ã ¢Ã Ã Ã ¢ÃËœÃ  ПÐ  Ãâ€¢Ã ¡Ãâ€ºÃ Ãâ€™Ã ¡ÃÅ¡ÃËœÃ¢â‚¬  Ð ¤Ã °Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ã'…Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸ Ð ½Ã °Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¸ Project title: Write a critical analysis of William Blakes poem The Tiger paying special attention to the stance of the poetic speaker Name: ИÐ ²Ã µÃ »Ã ¸Ã ½ ИÐ ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ² ÐÅ"Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ² Faculty number: 1063 Read MoreCritical Analysis of William Blakes Poem The Tiger1393 Words   |  6 PagesÐ ¨Ã £ÃÅ"ЕÐ Ã ¡ÃÅ¡ÃËœ Ð £Ã ÃËœÃâ€™Ãâ€¢Ã  Ã ¡ÃËœÃ ¢Ãâ€¢Ã ¢ â€Å"ЕПИÐ ¡ÃÅ¡ÃÅ¾ÃÅ¸ КОÐ Ã ¡Ã ¢Ã Ã Ã ¢ÃËœÃ  ПÐ  Ãâ€¢Ã ¡Ãâ€ºÃ Ãâ€™Ã ¡ÃÅ¡ÃËœÃ¢â‚¬  Ð ¤Ã °Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ã'…Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸ Ð ½Ã °Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¸ Project title: Write a critical analysis of William Blakes poem The Tiger paying special attention to the stance of the poetic speaker Name: ИÐ ²Ã µÃ »Ã ¸Ã ½ ИÐ ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ² ÐÅ"Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ² Faculty number: 1063

Lynching Visual Analysis Free Essays

In the photo â€Å"Lynching 1930† there is a crowd of people gathered around a tree, two African-American men are hanging from that tree, they are both dead. Lynching of African-Americans began to spread after the American Civil War and it was most popular in the South. Lynching African-Americans was used as a punishment usually carried out by a mob of white people to intimidate African-Americans, â€Å"black† people suffered from violence of white people for many years they had no freedom and no citizen rights; they were considered as slaves. We will write a custom essay sample on Lynching Visual Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Between 1860 and 1890 almost 5,000 African-Americans were lynched in front of large crowds of white people. When I first saw the photo, I focused on the two men hanging from a tree, the reason I first saw this is because they are both in the middle of the picture and everything else in the picture is directing towards these men. The other people in the picture are smiling and they all look happy and relaxed at the sight of two dead men. I was shocked when I saw the photo, what happened to these men including many others like them is unfair, cruel and immoral. The photo shocked me and I also felt disgusted by the cruelty and cold-heartedness of people looking at corpses while looking like they are about to have a celebration. In the crowd the people who are standing nearest to the photographer are all looking at the camera, one man is pointing at the corpses with a proud look on his face as if he just accomplished doing something important. Near this man, there is a young couple holding hands both smiling as if it were the happiest moment of their lives. Two other men seem careless at the horrible sight and are smoking cigars. People of all ages are gathered around the big tree, there is even a little girl who looks like she is 10 years old who is smiling. I feel horrified looking at all these smiling faces that have all seen the same thing and are joyful about it; murder. No one in the picture looks sad or disgusted after seeing two men who have just been murdered, it is worrying to see how proud and happy people are to be taken in a picture in front of dead people. Not one person in the photo looks shocked, not the men, not the women and not even the little girl. There are people of all different ages in the photo, but the all have he same reaction to racism. Men are wearing suits or dress shirts with ties, some of them are wearing hats while the women are all wearing dresses and have short hair. People in the crowd look like they are mixed between the middle class and rich people, the person who stands out the most in the photo is a man who looks like he is in his 50’s, he is wearing a white dres s shirt and dark trousers, he has a thin mustache on his upper lip and he is pointing at the man hanging on the right side of the tree with a look of accomplishment on his face. An old woman is standing beside him, she seems distracted by someone else and her eyes are looking in the direction of a young man who is at the right side of the photo only half his face is showing in the picture, the other half is cut out. I think this photograph was taken on a summer night because people are wearing light clothes. Women are wearing dresses with prints on them and most men are only wearing shirts without jackets. The dark sky is visible behind the tree; there are also two streetlights that appear in the picture behind the dead men. Focusing on the two dead men, they both look poor because their clothes are ripped and do not look as expensive as the clothes of the people in the crowd. The man on the left has his head looking down; he is wearing an unbuttoned shirt and trousers. I can see stains on his shirt and trousers, they looks like blood. I think the man was tortured in before being hung to the tree. The man on the right has his head tilted to the side he is wearing a shirt but instead of trousers there is a piece of cloth wrapped around his waist, the hemline is uneven and he is barefoot. He also has bloodstains on his clothes. I think this photograph is one of the most famous ones because it isn’t only a picture of the dead men but you can also see the crowd’s reactions to this scene. You can see how intolerant people were and not accepting people for their skin color. I think that people’s view and feelings from this photo has changed over the years, in the 1930 this photo would be pleasant for white people to look at and it would evoke a feeling of happiness and pride when seeing the huge crowd gathered around the tree but nowadays this photo would shock anyone even white people. People’s acceptance of different races and skin colors has evolved during the years, if this happened today it would not be acceptable like it would have been at the time the photo was taken. I am glad I do not have to see this sight nowadays because I think it is unfair to judge a person by their looks, skin color or race. How to cite Lynching Visual Analysis, Papers

Bank Notes free essay sample

Linear Probability Models (LPMs) * Econometric model to explain repayment experience on past/old loans. * Regression model with a â€Å"dummy† dependent variable Z; Z = 1 default and Z=0 no default. * Weakness: no guarantee that the estimated default probabilities will always lie between 0 and 1 (theoretical flaw) Logit and Probit Models * Developed to overcome weakness of LPM. * Explicitly restrict the estimated range of default probabilities to lie between 0 and 1. * Logit: assumes probability of default to be logistically distributed. Probit: assumes probability of default has a cumulative normal distribution function. Linear Discriminant Analysis * Derived from statistical technique called multivariate analysis. * Divides borrowers into high or low default risk classes. * Altman’s LDM = most famous model developed in the late 1960s. Z lt; 1. 8 (critical value), there is a high chance of default. * Weaknesses * Only considers two extreme cases (default/no default). * Weights need not be stationary over time. 3. New Credit Risk Evaluation Models Newer models have been developed – use financial theory and financial market data to make inferences about default probabilities. * Most relevant for evaluating loans to larger corporate borrowers. * Area of very active continuing research by FIs. Credit Ratings * Ratings change relatively infrequently – objective of ratings stability. * Only chance when there is reason to believe that a long-term change in the company’s creditworthiness has taken place. * Samp;P: AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, B and CCC * Moody’s: Aaa, Aa, A, Baa, Ba, B and Caa Bonds with ratings of BBB and above are considered to be â€Å"investment grade† Estimating Default Probabilities 1. Historical Data * Provided by rating agencies e. g. cumulative average default rates * If a company starts with a: * Good credit rating, default probabilities tend to increase with time. * Poor credit rating, default probabilities tend to decrease with time. * Default Intensity vs Unconditional Default Probability * Default intensity or hazard rate is the probability of default conditional on no earlier default. * Unconditional default probability is the probability of default as seen at time zero. Default intensities and unconditional default probabilities for a Caa rated company in the third year Supplement point 14 by monitoring a combination of internal reports, prudential reports and market information. 16. Should intervene to require effective and timely remedial action to address liquidity deficiencies. 17. Should communicate with other regulators e. g. central banks – cooperation TOPIC 7: CORE PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE BANKING SUPERVISION Overview * Most important global standard for prudential regulation and supervision. * Endorsed by vast majority of countries. * Provides benchmark against which supervisory regimes can be assessed. * 1995: Mexican and Barings Crises Lyon Summit in 1996 for G7 Leaders. 1997: Document drafted and endorsed at G7 meeting. Final version presented at annual meetings of World Bank and IMF in Hong Kong. * 1998: G-22 endorsed * 2006: Revision of the Core Principles * 2011: Basel Committee mandates a major review, issues revised consultative paper. The Core Principles (2006) * 25 minimum requirements that need to be met for an effective re gulatory system. * May need to be supplemented by other measures. * Seven major groups * Framework for supervisory authority – Principle 1 * Licensing and structure – Principles 2-5 * Prudential regulations and requirements – Principles 6-18 * Methods of ongoing banking supervision – Principles 19-21 * Accounting and disclosure – Principle 22 * Corrective and remedial powers of supervisors – Principle 23 * Consolidated and cross-border banking – Principles 24-25. * Explicitly recognise: * Effective banking supervision is essential for a strong economic environment. * Supervision seeks to ensure banks operate in a safe and sound manner and hold sufficient capital and reserves. * Strong and effective supervision is a public good and critical to financial stability. * While cost of supervision is high, the cost of poor supervision is even higher. Key objective of banking supervision: * Maintain stability and confidence in the financial system * Encourage good corporate governance and enhance market transparency Revised Core Principles (2011) * Core Principles and assessment methodology merged into a single document. * Number of core principles increased to 29. * Takes account of several key trends and developments: * Need to deal with systemically important banks * Macroprudential focus (system-wide) and systemic risk * Effective crisis management, recovery and resolution measures. Sound corporate governance * Greater public disclosure and transparency enhance market discipline. * Two broad groups: 1. Supervisory powers, responsibilities and functions. Focus on effective risk-based supervision, and the need for early intervention and timely supervisory actions. Principles 1-13. 2. Prudential regulations and requirements. Cover supervisory expectations of banks, emphasising the importance of good corporate governance and risk management, as well as compliance with supervisory standards. Supervisory powers, responsibilities and functions 1. Clear responsibilities and objectives for each authority involved. Suitable legal framework. 2. Supervisor has operational independence, transparent processes, sound governance and adequate resources, and is accountable. 3. Cooperation and collaboration with domestic authorities and foreign supervisors. 4. Permissible activities of banks is controlled. 5. Assessment of bank ownership structure and governance. 6. Power to review, reject and impose prudential conditions on any changes in ownership or controlling interests. 7. Power to approve or reject major acquisitions. 8. Forward-looking assessment of the risk profile of banks and banking groups. 9. Uses appropriate range of techniques and tools to implement supervisory approach. 10. Collects, reviews and analyses prudential reports and statistical returns. 11. Early address of unsafe and unsound practices. 12. Supervises banking group on consolidated basis (including globally) 13. Cross-border sharing of information and cooperation. Prudential regulations and requirements 14. Robust corporate governance policies and processes. 15. Banks have a comprehensive risk management process, including recovery plans. 6. Set prudent and appropriate capital adequacy requirements. 17. Banks have an adequate credit risk management process. 18. Banks have adequate policies and processes for the early identification and management of problems assets, and maintain adequate provisions and reserves. 19. Banks have adequate policies re concentration risk. 20. Banks required to enter into any transactions with related pa rties on an arm’s length basis. 21. Banks have adequate policies re country and transfer risk. 22. Banks have an adequate market risk management process. 23. Banks have adequate systems re interest rate risk in the banking book. 24. Set prudent and appropriate liquidity requirements. 25. Banks have an adequate operational risk management framework. 26. Banks have adequate internal controls to establish and maintain a properly controlled operating environment for the conduct of their business. E. g. delegating authority and responsibility, separation of the functions that involve committing the bank. 27. Banks maintain adequate and reliable records, prepare financial statements in accordance with accounting policies etc. 8. Banks regularly publish information on a consolidated and solo basis. 29. Banks have adequate policies and processes e. g. strict customer due diligence. Preconditions for Effective Banking Supervision 1. Provision of sound and sustainable macroeconomic policies. 2. A well established framework for financial stability policy formulation. 3. A well developed public infrastructure 4. A clear framework for crisis managemen t, recovery and resolution 5. An appropriate level of systemic protection (or public safety net) 6. Effective market discipline 001: IMF and World Bank Study on Countries’ Compliance with Core Principles * 32 countries are compliant with 10 or few BCPs * Only 5 countries were assessed as fully compliant with 25 or more of the BCPs. * Developing countries less compliant than advanced economies. * Advanced economies generally possess more robust internal frameworks as defined by the ‘preconditions’ 2008: IMF Study on BCP Compliance * Based on 136 compliance assessments. * Continued work needed on strengthening banking supervision in many jurisdictions, particularly in the area of risk management. More than 40% of countries did not comply with the essential criteria of principles dealing with risk management, consolidated supervision and the abuse of financial services. * More than 30% did not possess the necessary operational independence to perform effective super vision nor have adequate ability to use their formal powers to take corrective action. * On average, countries in Western Europe demonstrated a much higher degree of compliance (above 90%) with BCP than their counterparts in other regions. * Africa and Western Hemisphere weak. Generally, high-income countries reflected a higher degree of compliance. TOPIC 8: CAPITAL ADEQUACY Overview * Adequate capital better able to withstand losses, provide credit through the business cycle and help promote public confidence in banking system. Importance of Capital Adequacy * Absorb unanticipated losses and preserve confidence in the FI * Protect uninsured depositors and other stakeholders * Protect FI insurance funds and taxpayers * Protect deposit insurance owners against increases in insurance premiums * To acquire real investments in order to provide financial services e. . equity financing is very important. Capital Adequacy * Capital too low banks may be unable to absorb high level of losses . * Capital too high banks may not be able to make the most efficient use of their resources. Constraint on credit availability. Pre-1988 * Banks regulated using balance sheet measures e. g. ratio of capital to assets. * Variations between countries re definitions, required ratios and enforcement of regulations. * 1980s: bank leverage increased, OBS derivatives trading increased. * LDC debt = major problem 1988 Basel Capital Accord (Basel I) * G10 agreed to Basel I Only covered credit risk * Capital / risk-adjusted assets gt; 8% * Tier 1 capital = shareholders equity and retained earnings * Tier 2 capital = additional internal and external resources e. g. loan loss reserves * Tier 1 capital / risk-adjusted assets gt; 4% * On-balance-sheet assets assigned to one of four categories * 0% cash and government bonds * 20% claims on OECD banks * 50% residential mortgages * 100% corporate loans, corporate bonds * Off-balance-sheet assets divided into contingent or guarantee contracts an d FX/IR forward, futures, option and swap contracts. Two step process (i) derive credit equivalent amounts as product of FV and conversion factor then (ii) multiply amount by risk weight. * OBS market contracts or derivative instruments = potential exposure + current exposure. * Potential exposure: credit risk if counterparty defaults in the future. * Current exposure: cost of replacing a derivative securities contract at today’s prices. 1996 Amendment * Implemented in 1998 * Requires banks to measure and hold capital for market risk. * k is a multiplicative factor chosen by regulators (at least 3) VaR is the 99% 10-day value at risk SRC is the specific risk charge Total Capital = 0. 08 x [Credit risk RWA + Market risk RWA] where market risk RWA = 12. 5 x [k x VaR + SRC] Basel II (2004) * Implemented in 2007 * Three pillars 1. New minimum capital requirements for credit and operational risk 2. Supervisory review: more thorough and uniform 3. Market discipline: more disclosure * Only applied to large international banks in US * Implemented by securities companies as well as banks in EU Pillar 1: Minimum Capital Requirements * Credit risk measurement: * Standardised approach (external credit rating based risk weights) * Internal rating based (IRB) Market risk = unchanged * Operational risk: * Basic indicator: 15% of gross income * Standardised: multiplicative factor for income arising from each business line. * Advanced measurement approaches: assess 99. 9% worst case loss over one year. * Total capital = 0. 08 x [Credit risk RWA + market risk RWA + Operational risk RWA] Pillar 2: Supervisory Review * Importance of effective supervisory review of banks’ internal assessments of their overall risks. Pillar 3: Market discipline * Increasing transparency – public disclosure Basel 2. 5 (Implemented 2011) * Stressed VaR for market risk * Incremental risk charge Ensures products such as bonds and derivatives in the trading book have the same capita l requirement that they would if they were in the banking book. * Comprehensive risk measure (re credit default correlations) Basel III (2010) * Considerably increase quality and quantity of banks capital * Macroprudential overlay – systemic risk * Allows time for smooth transition to new regime * Core capital only retained earnings and common shares * Reserves increased from 2% to 4. 5% * Capital conservation buffer – 2. 5% of RWA * Countercyclical capital buffer * Tracing/monitoring of liquidity funding Introduction of a maximum leverage ratio Capital Definitions and Requirements * Common equity gt; 4. 5% of RWA * Tier 1 gt; 6% of RWA * Phased implementation of capital levels stretching to Jan 1, 2015 * Phased implementation of capital definition stretching to Jan 1, 2018 Microprudential Features * Greater focus on common equity * Loss-absorbing during stress/crisis period capital conservation buffer * Promoting integrated management of market and counterparty credit risk. * Liquidity standard introduced introduced Jan 1, 2015 Introduced Jan 1, 2018 Available Stable Funding Factors Required Stable Funding Factors Macroprudential Factors * Countercyclical buffer * Acts as a brake in good times of high credit growth and a decompressor to restrict credit during downturns. * Within a range of 0-2. 5% * Left to the discretion of national regulators * Dividends restricted when capital is below required level * Phased in between Jan 1, 2016 – Jan 1, 2019 * Leverage Ratio * Target 3% * Ratio of Tier 1 capital to total exposure gt; 3% * Introduced on Jan 1, 2018 after a transition period * SIFIs * Required to hold additional loss absorbency capital, ranging from 1-2. 5% in common equity

The Melting Point Analysis of Crude and Recrystallized Acetaminophen Synthesized Sample Essay Example For Students

The Melting Point Analysis of Crude and Recrystallized Acetaminophen Synthesized Sample Essay Acetic Anhydride and p-Aminophenol were heated in a vial attached to an air capacitor to synthesise petroleum Datril. ensuing in 0. 097 gms ( 47. 48 % output ) . The petroleum Datril was so recrystallized in a dissolver of H2O and methyl alcohol over heat ensuing in 0. 082 gms ( 39. 61 % output ) of pure Datril. Melting points of both petroleum and pure Datril were taken. and found to be 165. 9 – 170. 9Â °C and 168. 2 – 171. 5Â °C. severally. The literature runing point of Datril is 169. 5 – 171. 0Â °C. bespeaking that our concluding merchandise was pure. Introduction The synthesis of Datril involves the attractive force of the electrophilic carbonyl group of acetic anhydride to the nucleophilic NH2 of the p-aminophenol. This occurs because the NH2 group is a better nucleophile than the OH group attached on the opposite side of the p-aminophenol. A new nitrogen-carbon bond is formed. bring forthing Datril with acetic acid as a by-product. During the synthesis of Datril. it is necessary to fade out all solid stuff. and heat the reaction at a high adequate temperature and for a long adequate clip period to guarantee completion. Cooling the mixture in an ice bath ensures that all crystals have formed. and drying removes any staying dissolver. The synthesis of Datril does non ensue in a pure merchandise. so recrystallization is necessary to sublimate the substance. During recrystallization. it is of import to fade out all of the solid in order to take all the drosss. Acetaminophen crystallizes easy. so chilling the mixture adequately is necessary. Leaving the mixture in an ice bath for 10 proceedingss ensures that the procedure is complete. Drying the crystals removes any staying dissolver. Once recrystallization has occured. comparing by runing point confirms the purification. The recrystallized merchandise should hold a thaw point near to the literature value. with a narrow scope. whereas the impure crystals will run at a lower temperature with a broader scope. Procedure Chemical reaction Mixture:0. 150g of p-aminophenol was weighed and put into a 5-mL conelike phial. An automatic pipet was used to mensurate 0. 450 mL H2O and 0. 165 mL acetic anhydride and was added to the conelike phial. A spin vane was placed into the phial and an air capacitor was attached. Heating: The mixture was heated at 120Â °C utilizing an aluminium block and was stirred gently. After all of the solid dissolved. it was heated for 20 extra proceedingss to guarantee the reaction was complete. Isolation of Crude Acetaminophen: The phial was removed from the heat and cooled to room temperature. The spin vane was rinsed with 2-3 beads of warm H2O over the conelike phial. The phial was cooled to room temperature so placed in an ice bath for 15 proceedingss. The liquid was decanted from the mixture and the resulting crystals were dried on filter paper. The crystals were so placed on a ticker glass for farther drying. The crystals were weighed and a little sample was placed into a capillary tubing for runing point finding. Crystallization of Acetaminophen: The merchandise was placed in a Craig tubing and several beads of hot ( 100Â °C ) dissolver ( 50 % H2O. 50 % methyl alcohol. by volume ) was added and heated until all of the crystals dissolved. The Craig tubing was plugged and set in an Erlenmeyer flask to chill. Crystallization was induced one time the mixture was at room temperature by rubing the inner wall of the tubing. It was so placed into an ice bath for 10 proceedingss until crystallisation was complete. The tubing was so centrifuged for 3 proceedingss to take the liquid. The crystals were collected on a ticker glass and allowed to air dry. The resulting crystals ( o. o82g ) were pale brown in colour. Melting points were taken for both the petroleum ( 165. 9 – 179. 9Â °C ) and the pure ( 168. 2 – 171. 5Â °C ) Datril. Consequences and Calculations .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .postImageUrl , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:hover , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:visited , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:active { border:0!important; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:active , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I'm a Digital Dependant EssayGram molecules p-aminophenol:0. 150 g x ( 1 mol ) / ( 109. 1 g ) = 0. 00137 mol Gram molecules of acetic anhydride:0. 165 milliliter x ( 1. 08 g ) / ( 1 milliliter ) ten ( 1 mol ) / ( 102. 1 g ) =0. 00174 mol Theoretical Output:0. 00137 mol x ( 151. 2 g ) / ( 1 mol ) =0. 207 g Percent output of petroleum Datril:Crude crystal weight = 0. 089 g( 0. 089 g ) / ( 0. 207 g ) x 100 % =46. 48 % Percent output of pure Datril:Pure Datril weight = 0. 082 g( 0. 082 g ) / ( 0. 207 g ) x 100 % =39. 61 % Literature value of acetaminophen runing point = 169. 5 – 171. 0Â °C Crude Datril runing point = 165. 9 – 170. 9Â °CRecrystallized acetaminophen runing point = 168. 2 – 171. 5Â °C Discussion and DecisionsCrude Datril was successfully synthesized. organizing light brown crystals. All of the solid was allowed to fade out. and the mixture was adequately heated. The crystals were allowed plentifulness of clip to to the full chill. A percent output of 46. 48 % was achieved. with a sum of 0. 089 g being formed. Recrystallization was done on the rough merchandise. ensuing one time once more in light brown crystals. All of the solid was dissolved in the hot dissolver. and crystallisation occurred one time induced by rubing the interior of the tubing. The crystals were decently cooled. and a percent output of 39. 61 % was achieved ( 0. 082 g were formed ) . The runing point of the petroleum Datril ( 165. 9 – 170. 9Â °C ) was lower and broader than that of the recrystallized Datril ( 168. 2 – 171. 5Â °C ) . demoing that ab initio there were drosss present. The recrystallized Datril runing point was really near to the literature value ( 169Â °C ) . bespeaking that the concluding merchandise was quite pure. The low per centum outputs of both the petroleum merchandise and the recrystallized merchandise could hold been caused by several factors. Some of both merchandises could hold been lost when transferred to the ticker glass to be weighed. The hot home base that the reactions occurred on was besides really unstable. and the temperature fluctuated throughout the reaction. This may hold effected how much merchandise was formed. as more side merchandises would hold resulted from a higher temperature. The petroleum crystals were besides non allowed adequate clip to adequately dry before recrystallization occurred. Had they been allowed more clip to dry. the percent output of pure Datril may hold increased. Overall. nevertheless. the experiment was successful. as pure Datril was synthesized. The runing point of the merchandise confirmed the high degree of pureness. and the difference between the petroleum and recrystallized merchandises could be easy observed.